Zoology Unit 2

K-selected species

r-selected species

Semelparity

when a species has a single “big bang” reproductive effort before death (spotted lantern fly)

Iteroparity

A species with multiple reproductive events during their life(majority of animals)

Ecology

the study of the interaction between animals and their environment

Traditional levels of organization

Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Individual Definition

single organism

Population Def

groups of individuals

Species

Group of populations

Communtiy

Multiple populations in one area

Ecosystem

gorup of communities that interact and influence each other

Biome

Multiple ecosystems that take up a large area related by weather

Biosphere

all living things on earth

Life History

everything that happens to an individual from life to death

• pattern of development, growth, maturation, reproduction, life span

Life history traits

• size at birth

• growth

• size/age at sexual maturity

• number/size/sex of offspring

• reproductive efforts at different sizes and ages

• survival at different sizes and ages

• lifespan

Niche

The role and job an organism plays within its environment(patterns in an individuals life history evolve to suit environment niches)

Trade-offs

When evolution cant advance one part of a biological system without distressing another part of it(turtle shell)

Hermaphroditic Organism Defined

An organism that has both male and female reproductive gametes

Define Gametes

gametes are reproductive molecules separated by size(sperm=small, egg=large)

Define parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction where a female organism is able to reproduce viable offspring either identically or with stored sperm

Budding Definition

A form of asexual reproduction where the offspring grows on part of the original organism and buds off (identical)

Define fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction where a piece of the original organism breaks off and grows into an identical separate organism.

Adaptive Radiation

The process of an organism rapidly diversifying from an ancestor species into multiple new ones(each species is developed for a specific niche)

Polygyny

One male has multiple female mates (most common)

Polyandry

One female has multiple male partners

Social monogamy

two individuals mate with each other but still mate with other individuals?

Good Gene Hypothesis

by choosing a mate with more attractive ornaments, the females offspring, are likely to inherit superior genes

Sexy Sons Hypothesis

by choosing a mate with more attractive ornaments, a females offspring will be more likely to be “sexy” like the father and mate more frequently

Mimicking?

?

Sexually Dimorphic

one sex having sexual ornaments

Non-genetic basis of sex

Temperature and incubation can determine if animals develop into female or male

opposite of adaptive radiation

Stasis: niche does not change

Mass extinction

period of history where majority of species go extinct

Evolutionary Trends

unexpected changes over time

Proliferation

having large number of offspring to outcompete other organisms