A & P 1 - flashcards first exam

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RNA

nucleic acid, a molecule involved in handling genetic info - single strand

Eicosanoids

chemical messengery

nucleotides that make up DNA

Nitrogeneous Base, Sugar - Dextroribose, Phosphate

Lipids

Phosopholipids, Triglycerides, fatty acids, steroids, eicosanoids - C, H, O

List protien functions

Support- Protection

Movement - contractile reactions

Transportation - attach onto a lipid, molecule or ion for transport

buffer - Prevent change in blood Ph

metabolic regulation - functions as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions

Coordinate and control - hormones control the funciton of the cells

defense - water-proffing proteins of the skin

4 organic compund groups

Carbohydrates

Protein

Lipids

nucleic acids

ATP

High-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. - nucleotide

dehydration synthesis

removing water to build larger molecules

nitrogenous bases for RNA

Adenosine, Uracil, Cytosol, Guanine

Nucleic Acids

DNA & RNA

Building Blocks of Proteins

Amino Acids

Nitrogenous bases for DNA (4)

Adenosine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Peptides

A molecule of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Triglycerides

Protect, Insulate, and is an energy source

unsaturated

a single bond of covalent atoms formed into a double bond, and doesnt have a “full/saturated amount of H + ions

Saturated

contains a “full” amound of H+ ions, solid at room temp. , single covalent bonds.

3 characteristics of enzymes

Sensiblity, Saturation limit, and regulation

nucleotides for RNA

nitrogenous base, ribose - sugar, and phosphate

enzymes

act as a catalyst to sustain life

hydrolysis

adding water but braking a larger molecule into smaller molecules

DNA

double helix, and contains genetic information

3 main types of RNA

mRNA - messenger

tRNA - transfer

rRNA - ribosomal

how many structures and what are they ( PROTEIN)

PRIMARY - snake of balled up things

SECONDARY - flat sheet

TERTIARY- pleated sheet

QUARTERNARY- two smaller molecules brought together to make a large one

Pyrimidine

Nitrogenous base found in DNA & RNA - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Steroids

An important part of the cell membrane

Protein

20% of the bodys mass - C, H, O,N occasionally ( Phosphorus and sulfur)

a long chain of amino acids

Phospholipids

form the bi-layer of the cell membrane

human cells

somatic - other cells

Sex cells - gametes - sperm and egg cells

nucleus

brains of the cell

Phases of the cell cycle

Mitotic Phase

Interphase

subdivisions of the cytoplasm

cytosol - liquid component

organelles - intrcellular component

chromosomes

DNA + Protein

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the “equator” of the cell

4 total chromosomes

Anaphase

chromosomes and centromere split

sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

chromosome movement stops after arriving near centrioles

diffusion

small uncharge molecules freely diffusing

simple, chanel mediated, osmosis

cytokinesis

the cytoplasm splits

osmosis

Diffusion of water

Nucleoplasm

All fluid surrounding the nucleus

Provides support to nucleus

nucleolus

transient nuclear organelle

synthesis of ribososmal RNA

characteristics of osmosis

1) Movement of water across a membrane

2) membrane is freely permeable to water but NOT to solutes

3) Water moves toward the solution with higher solute concentration

DNA Replecation

1) DNA strands unwind

2)DNA polymerase attacks to complimentary DNA nucleotides along each strand

chromosome structure

non-dividing → loose coils (chromatin) → mass

dividing → tight coils

Miotic Phase

division of the nucleus

somatic cell division

duplicated DNA is distributed evenly

(short process)

Telophase

marks end of mitosis

(nuclear (membrane) division is over)

Nuclear membrane reforms

chromosomes uncoil

Nuclear Envelope

surrounds the nucleus

separates it from cytosol

Prophase

The nuclear envelope disappears

nucleolus disappears

centrioles migrate to opposite poles and form spindle fibers

categories of membrane transport

1) Diffusion : (passive) - no energy expended

2) filtration : (passive) - caused by a pressure gradient

3) carrier mediated transport : uses membrane proteins to move substances

4) vesicular transport: moves bulk material in vesicles

Interphase

Longest

G₁ G₂ S

Components of the plasma membrane

1) Lipids 42%

2) Proteins 55%

3) Carbs 3%

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

Characteristics of facilitatied diffusion

• does not require energy

• Can occur in any direction across the plasma membrane

Facilitated diffusion

1) molecules will bind to receptor on carrier protein. Receptor is specific formolecule to be transported

2) Carrier changes shape & exposes solute to opposite side of cell

3) Transport will continue till equilibrium is achieved

Acitve transport

Not dependent on a concentration gradient

Requires ATP for transport

low to high

Peroxisome

Small sphericle

abosrb & breakdown fatty acids and other organic compound hydrogen peroxide formed by fatty acids break down
Protects cell

Lysosome

Organelle that digests waste and damaged cell parts.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.

Smooth ER

Produces lipids and helps detoxify harmful substances.

Vesicular Transport

Bulk movement of materials

2 Types of vesicular transport

1) endocytosis - substances are brought

2) exocytosis - Moves materials out of the cell using vesicles.

Organelles

1) Non-membranous: Ribosomes

2) Membranous: Mitochondria

Cyto- skeleton 3 components

1) microfilaments - solid slender rods, smallest

2) intermediate - stable rods - most durable

3) Microtubules - hollow tubes → largest

Centriole

non-membranous, involved in organizing micortubules

Organizes microtubules during cell division.

Cilia

Hair-like structures that move substances along the cell surface.

Where: Lining respiratory tract & reproductive tract

Ribosomes

involved in protein synthesis

60% rRNA

40% Protein

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Responisble for modifying, paciking proteins for export to the Golgi

Mitochondria

produces energy

formation of ATP to be used by other cellular structures

95% of ATP produced by mitochondria

Transcription

the production of mRNA from a DNA template

Translation

Builds a protein from mRNA instructions. 🧬💗

The Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → protein. 🧬✨

DNA genetic code

A→ T

C→G

RNA genetic code

A→ U

C→G

Cartiliage types

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

Dense regular

dense irregular

Dense reg → Strong tissue with parallel fibers that resist pulling in one direction. 💪

Dense irregular → Strong tissue with fibers arranged in many directions. 💗

Reticular tissue

CT Proper

Irregular network of reticular fibers

Adipose Tissue

loose;fat

Structure:

• fat cells - signet ring shape

• Little cytoplasm

• Large fat droplet

Representative Connective tissues

Areolar

Structure:

1) several kinds of cells

2) primarily elastic & collage fibers

3) semi fluid matrix

Fiber

Collage

elastic

Reticular

Composition of Connective Tissue

• Macrophages : phagocytes

• Adipocytes: Store fat

• Mesenchymal cells: Stem cells that can develop into connective tissue cells

• Melanocytes: Produce melanin

• Mast cells: Release histamine and heparin

• Fibroblasts: Produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance

Connective tissues characteristics

• Cells are widely spread out

• Vascular — has blood vessels

• Very diverse matrix — can range from hard (bone) to liquid (blood)

how epithelial Tissues are connected

Tight junctions → prevent things from moving between cells

Gap junctions → allow ions to pass between cells

Desmosomes → anchor cells together

Epithelial Tissue

Protection→ covers and lines body

Forming glands →Structures that produce fluid secretions

Pseudo stratified

One cell layer that looks like multiple layers.

Secrete and absorb

Simple columnar

single laryer of columnar cells

secrete and absorb

Transitional Epithelia

Cubodial

Function: able to extend good when volumes need to change

Stratified cubodial

2 layers of cubodial

lining of (some) ducts in sweat and mammary glands

function: secret and abosrb

Simple Cubodial Epithelia

single layer

glands, ducts, protions of all kidneys, tubules, thyroid glands

functions: secrete & absorb

Stratified Squamous

Funtion: Protection

many layers of cells flat

skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, anus

Squamos epithelia (simple Squamous)

single layered

where: Alveoli (lungs), endothelium ( bloodvessels), mesothelium (lines ventral body cavity)

Pseudo stratified

False mulit-layers

one layer that looks like it has many.

touches the basement of a cell

6 classifications of epithelia

• Simple squamous → Flat

• Stratified squamous → Protective

• Simple cuboidal → Cube

• Transitional → Stretchy

• Simple columnar → Tall

• Pseudostratified columnar → False

characteristics of epithelia tissue

cellularity

avasuclarity

regeneration

polarity

4 types of tissue

muscular

epithelial

nervous/neural

connective

histology

study of tissues

merocrine

leaves by exocytosis → cell stays intact

Apocrine

Releases part of the cell with the secretion.

Holocrine

the entire cell fills with secretion and bursts

Atp hydrolosis

releases energy that can be used to drive reactios that consume energy