Memory, Thinking, and Problem-Solving Lecture Notes

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering memory kinds, encoding, storage, retrieval, memory models, cognitive biases, and problem-solving concepts.

The memory system consisting of memories of specific personal events, such as what you had for dinner last night, is called __________ memory.

episodic

Memories that usually arouse powerful feelings that make the memory strong, such as recollections of 9/11 or the Boston Marathon Bombing, are known as __________ memories.

flashbulb

General knowledge and facts about the world that people remember without recalling when or where they first learned them is known as __________ memory.

semantic

Skills or procedures you have learned, such as remembering how to ride a bicycle, are stored as __________ memories.

implicit

The form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time is called __________ memory.

prospective

The memory encoding process that represents information in terms of its meaning, such as through the use of mnemonic devices, is __________ codes.

semantic

The memory enhancement strategy that uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments and firmly established stop-points along a familiar route is the __________.

method of loci

Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it is known as __________ rehearsal.

maintenance

Making information meaningful by relating it to information you already know well is known as __________ rehearsal.

elaborative

Memories that are retrieved because the physical state in which the person originally encoded the information is re-created are known as __________ memories.

state-dependent

The __________ suggests that long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory.

testing effect

Thinking about and modifying what you have already thought, learned, and perceived—having cognitions about cognitions—is called __________.

metacognition

George Miller (1956) proposed that the capacity limit of short-term memory is 'The Magical Number Seven,' represented as $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$.

$$7 \pm 2$$

A major cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory characterized by a highly strengthened connection between two neurons due to repeated signal transmission is __________.

long-term potentiation

In Glanzer & Cunitz's (1966) experiment on list recall, the U-shaped recall curve graphed here illustrates the __________.

serial position effect

In Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model shown below, the component responsible for monitoring and coordinating the slave systems is the __________.

central executive

In the phonological loop, the subsystem known as 'the inner voice' that allows us to repeat words in a loop is the __________ store.

articulatory

The temporary store added to the Working Memory Model by Baddeley in 2000 that integrates information from other components and maintains a sense of time is the __________.

episodic buffer

According to Jean Piaget (1926), __________ occurs when an existing schema is replaced rather than having new information added.

accommodation

In Bartlett's (1932) 'The War of the Ghosts' study, British participants distorted the Native American story by replacing the word 'canoe' with '__________'.

boat

The tendency for information learned after an event to interfere with an individual's original memory of what happened is known as the __________.

misinformation effect

The inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information was acquired, while still retaining the factual knowledge, is called __________.

source amnesia

The phenomenon where a person's confidence that an event occurred increases after they simply imagine it occurring is called __________.

imagination inflation

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment on reconstructive memory, participants estimated the highest vehicular speed when the question used the verb '__________'.

smashed

Memory loss resulting from trauma that prevents an individual from forming new memories is known as __________ amnesia.

anterograde

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem is an __________.

algorithm

A simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, but is more error-prone than an algorithm, is a __________.

heuristic

The belief that if an event has occurred less frequently than expected, it is more likely to happen again in the future is called the __________.

gambler's fallacy

The premise that committing to a current plan is justified simply because resources have already been committed is called the __________.

sunk-cost fallacy

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which creates an impediment to problem solving, is __________.

functional fixedness

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes is known as the __________ heuristic.

representativeness

Estimating the likelihood of events based on how readily vivid instances come to mind—such as airplane crashes—is the __________ heuristic.

availability

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the factual basis on which they were formed has already been discredited is known as __________.

belief perseverance

A subtle change in the way choices are presented to steer people toward a decision without taking away their freedom of choice is called a __________.

nudge