General Pathology Final

immunity

term for protection against infections

immune system

term for collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for protecting us against pathogenic microbes in our environment

deficiency

immune what can result to potentially life=threatening susceptibilities to infections

excessive, inappropriate

immune responses can be what 2 things and can cause significant tissue injury

leukocyte

one mechanism of tissue injury in inflammation is what mediated damage without abnormal immune response

hypersensitivity, autoimmune

one mechanism of tissue injury in inflammation is immune mediated damage due to what 2 mechanisms

innate/native

what immunity type is mediated by cells and proteins that are always present, immediate response to microbes, epithelial barriers, phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), innate lymphoid cells, circulating plasma proteins (complement)

cells, proteins, always, immediate, microbes, epithelial, leukocytes, neutrophil, macrophage, lymphoid, plasma, complement

innate/native immunity is mediated by what 2 things that are always or sometimes present, immediate or delayed response to what, what barriers, what leukocytes like which 2, and innate what cells, and circulating what proteins, especially what

adaptive/acquired

what type of immunity is response to presence of antigens/microbes by expansion and generation of mechanisms for neutralizing and eliminating targets, cells are lymphocytes and their products

antigens, microbes, neutralizing, eliminating, lymphocytes, antibodies

adaptive immunity is response to presence of what 2 things by expansion and generation of mechanisms for doing what 2 things to targets, cells are what and their products, which is what

epithelial, ski, GI, respiratory, defensins

cell of innate immunity that acts as a physical barrier, examples are what 3 things, and antimicrobial molecules such as what

epithelial, monocyte, neutrophil, dendritic cells, NK cells

5 cells of innate immunity

epithelial, lymphoid, tissues

dendritic cells are found where, in what organs, and most what

dendritic cells

what innate immunity cells capture protein antigens and display peptides for recognition by T lymphocytes

microbes, cell damage

dendritic cells have receptors for what and what

dendritic cells

what innate immune cells have receptors for microbes and cell damage, and are sentinels that detect danger and initiate innate immune response but do not themselves participate in microbe destruction

NK cells

innate immunity cells that are 5-10% or peripheral blood lymphocytes, express CD16 and recognize and destroy severely stress and abnormal cells

5-10

NK cells are ___-___% of peripheral blood lymphocytes

CD16

NK cells express what receptor for the heavy chain tails of IgG (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

virus infected, tumor

NK cell function is to recognize and destroy severely stresses and abnormal cells like what 2 cells

inhibitory, activating

NK cell killing is regulated by both what and what signals

cytokines, IFN gamma, macrophages

activated NK cells secrete what, like what, which activates what

humoral, cellular

2 types of adaptive immune response

humoral

what type of adaptive immune response is mediated by antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes, protection against extracellular microbes in blood, secretions, and tissues

antibodies, b lymphocytes, extracellular, blood, secretions, tissues

humoral adaptive immunity is mediated by what secreted by what cells, protect against extracellular or intracellular microbes in what 3 places

cellular

what adaptive immune response is mediated by T lymphocytes, protection against intracellular microbes, direct killing of infected cells (cytotoxic T cells) and activating phagocytes to kill ingested microbes (helper T cell cytokine release)

t lymphocytes, intracellular, cytotoxic t, helper t, cytokines

cellular adaptive immune response is mediated by what cells, protect against extracellular or intracellular microbes, what cells directly kill infected cells and what cells activate phagocytes to kill ingested microbes by releasing what

identical

are lymphocytes morphologically identical or different

lymphocytes

what cells are morphologically identical but consist of several functionally and phenotypically distinct populations

single

each T and B lymphocytes express receptors for a single or multiple antigens

many

the total population of lymphocytes is capable of recognizing a single or many antigens

somatic, antigen receptor, lymphoid tissue

lymphocyte diversity is a result of what rearrangement of what genes during lymphocyte maturation where

b lymphocyte

what lymphocyte neutralizes microbe phagocytosis and activates complements

helper T lymphocyte

what lymphocyte receives microbial antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells, and releases cytokines to activate macrophages, cause inflammation, and activates T and B lymphocytes via proliferation and differentiation

cytokines, macrophage, inflammation, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, proliferation, differentiation

helper T lymphocytes receive microbial antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells and release what to activate what cells, cause what, and activate what 2 cells via what 2 processes

antibody, phagocytosis, complement

B lymphocytes secrete what after coming across a microbe and neutralize microbe what and activate what

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

what lymphocyte receives infected cell presenting microbial antigen and kills infected cells

regulatory T lymphocyte

what lymphocyte suppresses immune response

T

what lymphocytes are the effector cells of cellular immunity

60-70

t lymphocytes are ___-___% of lymphocytes in peripheral blood

T

what lymphocytes are the major lymphocyte population of splenic periarteriolar sheaths and lymph node interfollicular zones

peptide, antigens, MHC

t lymphocytes recognize only what fragments of what bound in combination with what molecules displayed on surfaces of cells

CD3

all t lymphocytes possess what molecule

CD8+, MHC I

cytotoxic t cells are also called what, and they recognize what MHC antigen complex

CD4+, MHC II

helper t cells are also called what, and they recognize what MHC antigen complex

MHC

what antigen complex is present on virtually all cells of the body

MHC II

what antigen complex is constitutively expressed on professional antigen presenting cells

dendritic cells, macrophages, b cells

MHC II is found on what 3 cells

Th1

what CD4+ effector t lymphocyte subset is activated macrophages (intracellular pathogens), and b cells (antibody production)

macrophage, b cell

Th1 CD4+ effector t lymphocyte activates what 2 cells

Th2

what CD4+ effector t lymphocyte subset includes IgE secreting plasma cells, eosinophil activation, goblet cell activation

IgE, plasma, eosinophil, goblet cell

Th2 CD4+ effector t lymphocytes include what secreting what cells, and activation of what 2 cells

Th17

what CD4+ effector t lymphocyte subset is mucosal immunity

mucosal

Th17 CD4+ effector T lymphocyte is what immunity

Treg

what CD4+ effector t lymphocyte subset does cytokine production to downregulate immune responses generated by cytokines of other t cell subsets

cytokine, down, cytokines, t

Treg CD4+ effector t lymphocytes do what production to up or down regulate immune response generated by what of what cells

Th1

what CD4+ effector T lymphocyte produces IFN gamma, is induced by IFN gamma and IL12, triggers macrophage activation, defends against intracellular microbes, role in disease is immune mediated chronic inflammation disease (often autoimmune)

Th2

what CD4+ effector T lymphocyte produces IL4, IL5, and IL13, is induced by IL4, triggers stimulation of IgE production, activation of mast cells and eosinophils, defends against helminthic parasites, role in disease is allergies

Th17

what CD4+ effector T lymphocytes produces IL17 and IL22, is induced by TGF beta, IL6, IL1, and IL23, triggers recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes, defends against extracellular bacteria and fungi, role in disease is immune mediated chronic inflammatory diseases (often autoimmune)

MHC

function of what molecule is to display peptide fragments of protein antigens for recognition by antigen specific t cells

MHC I

what MHC molecule displays peptides derived from cytoplasmic proteins, normal proteins, virus and tumor specific antigens, recognized by CD8+ t cells

cytoplasmic, normal, virus, tumor

MHC I displays peptides derived from what proteins, normal or abnormal proteins, and what 2 specific antigens

MHC II

what MHC molecule displays peptides from proteins synthesized outside the cells, recognized by CD4+ t cells

outside

does MHC II display peptides from proteins synthesized inside or outside the cells

b lymphocyte

what lymphocyte expresses membrane bound antibodies that recognize a wide variety of antigens

10-20

b lymphocytes are ___-___% of circulating peripheral lymphocytes

b lymphocyte

what is the major lymphocyte population in lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT

b lymphocyte

what is the only cell lineage that synthesizes antibodies

monomeric, IgM, signal transduction, BCR

b lymphocytes recognize antigens via what membrane-bound antibody of what immunoglobulin class associated with what molecule to form what complex

b lymphocytes, lipid, polysaccharide, nucleic acid

what lymphocytes can recognize a diverse array of chemical structures, including what 3 things

helper t lymphocyte

what lymphocyte is required for proliferation and differentiation of naive b cells

proliferate, differentiate, plasma, antibodies

upon activation, b lymphocytes do what, then do what into what cells that secrete different classes of what

BCR

plasma cells secrete antibodies that recognize the same antigen bound to what complex

hypersensitivty

what reaction is the altered reactivity to a specific antigen that results in pathologic reactions upon exposure of a sensitized host to that specific antigen

immunity

beneficial immune response

hypersensitivity

harmful immune response

exposure, effector

2 phases of allergic/hypersensitivity diseases

exposure

allergic/hypersensitive disease phase where host is sensitized to antigen

effector

allergic/hypersensitive disease phase when the hypersensitivity response occurs

immediate hypersensitivity

type I allergic/hypersensitivity disease category

injury

allergic/hypersensitivity diseases are subdivided into 4 categories based on mechanism of what

antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

type II allergic/hypersensitivity disease category

immune complex meditaed hypersensitivity

type III allergic/hypersensitivity disease category

cell mediated/delayed type hypersensitivity

type IV allergic/hypersensitivity disease category

antibodies

type I allergic/hypersensitivity disease is mediated by what

antibodies

type II allergic/hypersensitivity disease is mediated by what

antibodies

type III allergic/hypersensitivity disease is mediated by what

t cells

type IV allergic/hypersensitivity disease is mediated by what

IgE, exposure

type I allergic/hypersensitivity response is induced by antigen specific what immunoglobulin, which is generated during what phase

IgE, mast cells, granules, immediate, cytokines, late phase

effector phase of type I allergic/hypersensitivity response is what immunoglobulin activates what cells to release pre formed what that are responsible for what reaction, and newly synthesized what that are responsible for what reaction

vasodilation, edema, smooth muscle, mucus, inflammatory

type I allergic/hypersensitivity response pathologic lesions are what, what, what contraction, what production, and recruitment of what cells

type I

clinical examples of what type of allergic/hypersensitivity response are atopy, anaphylaxis, arthropod hypersensitivities

antigen, Th2, IgE, b lymphocytes, IgE, IgE, FceRI, mast cells, mast cell, mediators

type I allergic/hypersensitivity response cascade is exposure to what, activation of what cell and what immunoglobulin class switching in what cells, production of what, binding of what to what receptor on what cells, then repeat exposure leads to activation of what cells which leads to the release of what

IgG, IgM, exposure

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response is induced by antigen specific what 2 immunoglobulins, generated during what phase

antibodies, antigens, surface, destruction, dysfunction

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response effector phase includes what that are directed against what on the surface or inside cells and tissues, resulting in what and what of the cell and tissue

both

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response antigen targets are endogenous or exogenous or both

opsonization and phagocytosis

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response disease mechanism where both antigen specific antibodies and complement activated by antibodies act as opsonins, clinical examples are IMHA, immune mediated thrombocytopenia, and neonatal isoerythrolysis

antigen, complement, opsonins

type I allergic/hypersensitivity response opsonization and phagocytosis mechanism is when both what specific antibodies and what activated by antibodies act as what

complement and Fc receptor mediated inflammation and damage

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response disease mechanism where antibodies attract inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, and eosinophils) via binding of receptors called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement by products (C3a and C5a) are chemotactic for neutrophils and other inflammatory cells, and complement activation can also result in cell lysis through formation of the MAC, clinical examples are pemphigus complex and ANCA mediates vasculitis

inflammatory, Fc, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement, inflammatory, complement, MAC

type II allergic/hypersensitivity response disease complement and Fc receptor mediated inflammation and damage mechanism is where antibodies attract what cells via binding what receptors, which is called what, what by products are chemotactic for what cells, and what activation can result in cell lysis through formation of what