a&p II unit 4 exam

metabolism

occurs every second of every day

metabolism

creates toxic wastes

toxic wastes

metabolism creates ___

urinary system

primary organ system that rids the body of metabolic waste products

metabolic waste products

urinary system is the primary organ system that rids the body of ___ ____ ____

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system is composed of…

kidneys

separate waste from blood

waste blood

kidneys separate ____ from ____

eliminate waste, regulate blood pressure, regulate pH, regulate blood osmolarity, secrete EPO, form calcitriol, gluconeogenesis

functions of the kidney

water retention/secretion and renin (enzyme)

how does the kidney regulate blood pressure?

H+ and HCO3- secretion

how does the kidney regulate pH and acid-base balance?

secretes erythropoietin (EPO)

what does the kidney do for RBCs?

stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow

what does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

regulates Na+, K+, Ca2+, PO43-

how does the kidney regulate ion levels/blood osmolarity?

toxic metabolic wastes, drugs, hormones

what kind of metabolic wastes & biologically active molecules doe the kidney eliminate?

calcitriol

what is the active form of Vitamin D called?

active form of vitamin D

what is calcitriol

incr absorption of Ca2+ in small intestine (raises blood Ca2+ levels)

what does the formation of calcitriol in the kidney do?

low blood oxygen

what triggers the kidney to produce EPO?

produce EPO

what does low blood oxygen cause the kidney to do?

gluconeogenesis

when the kidneys create glucose from non-carbs under conditions of extreme nutrient deprivation

extreme nutrient deprivation

what causes gluconeogenesis in the kidneys?

non-carbs

does gluconeogenesis in the kidneys use carbs/non-carbs to make glucose?

posterior abdominal wall

where is the kidney generally located?

btwn T12 & L3 vertebrae

where is the kidney specifically located?

cortex

outer layer of kidney tissue is called…

medulla

what is deep to the cortex in the kidney?ur

ureters

what collects urine to send to the urinary bladder attached to the kidney?

collect urine to send to bladder

what do ureters do?

peristalsis (waves of contractions)

how do ureters move urine?

urethra

bladder excretes urine from body via….

nephron

functional filtration unit of the kidney is…

filters blood, reabsorbs ions/molecules, forms urine

what does the nephron do?

1.2 million per kidney

how many nephrons are there?

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

what are the 2 parts of the nephron?

renal corpuscle

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

renal tube

proximal convoluted tubule + nephron loop + distal convoluted tubule

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

what makes up the renal corpuscle?

PCT + nephron loop + DCT

what makes up the renal tubule?

cluster of capillaries found at entry point to nephron, filters blood

what is the glomerulus & what does it do?

glomerulus

cluster of capillaries found at entry point to nephron

glomerulus

where does filtration of blood in the kidneys happen?

filtrate

material filtered from the capillaries in the glomerulus

glomerulus

filtrate will move from the _____ into the renal tubule

renal tubule

filtrate will move from the glomerulus into the ____ ____

glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

hollow capsule that contains glomerulus

forms urine from filtrate

what does the renal tubule do?

PCT

what is the 1st segment of the renal tubule?

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

what is the 2nd segment of the renal tubule?

blood vessels

in the renal tubule, some material from filtrate will move back INTO ___ ____

tubule

in the renal tubule, some material from blood vessels in the surrounding tubule will be secreted into the ____

receives filtrate from glomerulus → tubular fluid

what does the PCT do in the renal tubule? whe

cortex

where is the PCT?

receives tubular fluid from PCT

what does the nephron loop/loop of Henle do?

descends into the medulla

where is the nephron loop?

DCT

what is the 3rd segment of the renal tubule?

receives tubular fluid from nephron loop, finishes forming urine from tubular fluid

what does the DCT do?

cortex

where is the DCT?

collecting tubule

where does the DCT drain fluid to?

DCT

where is the fluid that enters the collecting tubule coming from?

collecting duct

collecting tubules drain into the ___ ___

many

collecting duct receive urine from one/may nephrons?

renal sinus

where do collecting ducts deliver urine from the nephron to?

blood filtered → forms filtrate

what happens in glomerular filtration?

renal corpuscle

where does glomerular filtration occur?

glomerular filtration

blood filtered → forms filtrate in renal corpuscle

tubular reabsorption

solutes & water removed from tubular fluid, returned to blood in renal tuule

tubular secretion

additional substances removed from blood, added to tubular fluid in renal tubule

solutes & water are removed from tubular fluid, returned to blood

what happens in tubular reabsorption

renal tubule

where does tubular reabsorption occur?

additional substances removed from blood, added to tubular fluid

what happens in tubular secretion?

renal tubule

where does tubular secretion occur?

afferent arteriole

blood enters the glomerulus via an ____ _____

efferent arteriole

blood exits the glomerulus via an ____ ____

larger

afferent arterioles in glomerulus have a larger/smaller diameter

smaller

efferent arterioles in glomerulus have a larger/smaller diameter

plasma

while blood is in glomerulus, ____ is being filtered

capillary exchange

plasma being filtered in glomerulus is a special case of ____ ____

blood

substances not filtered out in the glomerulus remain in the ____

efferent arteriole

how do substances that remain in the blood in the glomerulus exit back into circulation?

glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones, small proteins, ions, water

filtrate in glomerulus contains:

RBCs, large proteins

what larger particles remain in capillaries during glomerular filtration?

capillaries

where do larger particles remain during glomerular filtration?

endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

what are the three layers of the glomerular filtration membrane?

endothelium of capillary

what is the outer layer of the glomerular filtration membrane?wha

basement membrane

what is the inner layer of the glomerular filtration membrane?

fenestrated capillaries

what is a feature of the endothelium of the capillary in the glomerulus?

fenestrated capillaries

have small holes in the endothelial cells

podocytes

octopus-like cells that wrap around the capillary

pedicels

extensions of podocytes that wrap around the capillary

filtration slits

how are pedicels separated?

increases & maintains high blood (hydrostatic) pressure in the glomerular capillaries

what effect does the difference in diameter have on the BP in the glomerulus?

greater

filtration in glomerulus occurs because hp in capillaries/glomerulus is greater/lesser than pressure in glomerular capsule (space around capillaries)?

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

HPg

capsular hydrostatic pressure

HPc

blood colloid osmotic pressure

OPg

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

amount of filtrate formed per minute (by all nephrons in BOTH kidneys)

amt of filtrate formed/minute by all nephrons in both kidneys

GFR

90-120 mL/min

typical range of GFR

50-60x

how much of blood volume is filtered every day?