Definitions

Formulas, explanations, etc.

What is Matter?

Pure substances (Water H2O) and Mixtures (Air O2, N2, and CO2)

What are the properties of matter?

Physical (Touch, smell, see, liquid, gas, solid, color, melting point, etc.) and Chemical (Reactivity, combustion, flammability, acidity, etc.)

What is density?

Mass in a given volume. D= m/v, D = g/cm3 or g/mL

What is a proton?

They are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to its mass. Has a positive charge, and when there are more protons then electrons in a ion, it becomes positively charged.

What is an ion?

An ion is a charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons. Ions carry a net positive or negative charge. Form crystal lattice structures.

What is a molecule?

molecule is a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Molecules have balanced protons and electrons and therefore no net charge.

What is a crystal lattice structure?

three-dimensional, periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid, defined by repeating unit cells and lattice points.

What is a neutron?

A neutral charged particle in the nucleolus of an atom. There can be any number of neutrons in the nucleolus. Neutrons contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the charge of the atom. .

What is a electron?

Electrons are negatively charged particles in the orbitals around the atom. They play a key role in chemical bonding and reactions. They can also participate in electron sharing.

What is a Lowen?

Lowen refers to low-energy electron states, often related to electron configurations in atoms or molecules that influence their chemical behavior and stability.

What is the Pauli Exclusion principal?

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers, which means that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.

What is Hund’s rule?

Hund's rule states that electrons must fill each orbital singly (with an up arrow/ valence electrons) before pairing occurs. Electrons must occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up, ensuring that the total spin of the electrons is maximized.

What is Afubau principal?

Filing energy levels from the lowest to the highest energy level.

What roman numeral is this, IV?

4

What roman numeral is this, V?

5

What roman numeral is this, VI?

6