Health, Disease, Illness and Ill Health Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering health, disease, illness, models of need, healthcare utilisation, dimensions of access, and disability concepts.

Individual Need (Cooper 1975)

A state of health assessed as in need of treatment by a medical practitioner.

Community Need (UK, Department of Health 1989)

A population's ability to benefit from treatment, which may range from prevention, through care and treatment to rehabilitation.

Health Gain

A demonstrable improvement in health affected through managed change.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1954)

A theory postulating that needs are only motivators to action when they are unsatisfied, with lower order needs (physiological and safety) being dominant until satisfied.

Normative Need

Need defined by the expert or professional in any given situation.

Felt Need

An individual's own assessment of his or her own need ('wants').

Expressed Need

Felt need turned into action ('demand').

Comparative Need

Need obtained by comparing the attention received by different people with similar needs.

Unmet Need

The difference between services judged necessary to deal appropriately with defined health problems and those actually being delivered.

Effective Utilisers

People who demand treatment and are able to get it.

Potential Utilisers

People who demand treatment but are unable to obtain it due to specific barriers.

True Under Utilisers

People who 'need' treatment but do not perceive or demand it.

Clinical Iceberg

The gap between the need for dental care and the actual use of dental health services.

Access (Penchansky and Thomas 1981)

The 'fit' between characteristics of the health providers and services and the needs and expectations of the public.

Availability

The relationship between the volume and type of existing services (and resources) and the client's volume and type of needs.

Accessibility

The relationship between the location of the service and the location of the clients, taking account of travel time, distance, and costs.

Accommodation

The relationship between the way services are organised and their acceptance by the client (e.g., appointment systems, hours of operation, emergency facility).

Affordability

The relationship between the cost of services and the patient's ability to pay and their perception of the worth of the treatment.

Acceptability

The relationship between the client's attitude toward the personal characteristics of the provider and the provider's attitude toward the personal characteristics of the client.

WHO Definition of Health (1946)

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Huber et al. Definition of Health (2011)

Health as the ability to adapt and to self manage, in the face of social, physical and emotional challenges.

Negative Concept of Health

A view of health as the absence of disease or illness, reflecting the traditional biomedical model.

Positive Concept of Health

A view of health as a state of well-being, resilience, and the ability to adapt and function effectively.

Disease

An objectively identifiable pathological condition that represents a departure from normal biological functioning.

Infectious Disease

A disease caused by a pathogen (like bacteria, viruses, or parasites).

Communicable Disease

A disease that spreads from person, animal, or vector to another host.

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Diseases caused by lifestyle, genetics, environment, and aging, which can sometimes be triggered originally by an infection.

Illness

The subjective experience of feeling unwell.

Disability

The outcome resulting from the interaction between health conditions and contextual factors (environmental and personal).

Impairment

A problem with body structure or function (e.g., missing teeth).

Activity Limitation

Difficulty performing activities such as eating or speaking.

Participation Restriction

Reduced involvement in areas such as employment or social interaction.

WHO ICF Framework Diagram

A structural model depicting the interactions between a health condition, body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors.