BIO 1 Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key terms and concepts across Chapters 6, 7, and 8 of the BIO 1 Exam 2 Study Guide.

Work

The capacity to cause change or perform physical movement against an opposing force.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion, contrasted with potential energy.

Potential Energy

Stored energy available for release, contrasted with kinetic energy.

Laws of Thermodynamics

The physical laws governing energy transformations and how they affect chemical reactions.

Exergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

Endergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs or requires an input of energy.

Metabolic Pathway

A linked sequence of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

Energy Coupling

The cellular strategy of using the energy released by an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The cellular molecule with a specific structure used by the body to store and release energy.

Activation Energy

The initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction, which is impacted and lowered by enzymes.

Substrate

The specific target molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

Induced Fit

The mechanism by which an enzyme alters its shape around substrates to facilitate a reaction.

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Non-protein chemical compounds or molecules that bind to and affect the activity of enzymes.

Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors that either compete directly by binding to the active site or bind elsewhere to alter enzyme function.

Reversible vs. Irreversible Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors that can dissociate from the enzyme versus those that bind permanently and permanently deactivate it.

Redox Reaction

A paired chemical reaction involving reduction and oxidation where electrons are transferred via hydrogen atoms.

Oil Rig

A mnemonic for redox reactions indicating that Oxidation is Loss and Reduction is Gain of electrons.

$NAD^+$ and FAD

Electron carrier coenzymes that store energy by accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADH and $FADH_2$.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The direct production of ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP during specific metabolic reactions, distinct from oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP powered by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

Glycolysis

The initial metabolic pathway of cellular respiration that converts glucose into inputs for downstream reactions.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

An anaerobic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen to regenerate electron carriers in specific organisms.

Ethanol Fermentation

An anaerobic pathway occurring in the absence of oxygen used by certain organisms like yeast to regenerate carriers.

Bridge Step

The intermediate metabolic transition that converts pyruvic acid into Acetyl CoA between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Citric Acid Cycle

The cyclic series of reactions in cellular respiration that oxidizes Acetyl CoA, recalled using the mnemonic 'Can I keep smiling sweetly for my ox'.

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of membrane proteins that converts energy stored in NADH and $FADH_2$ into a proton gradient to generate ATP.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which the flow of hydrogen ions across a membrane powers ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.

ATP Synthase

The enzyme driven by hydrogen ions during chemiosmosis that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Biosynthesis

The metabolic process of constructing complex cellular molecules from simpler precursors derived from cellular respiration.

Mesophyll

The interior leaf tissue where chloroplasts are concentrated and photosynthesis occurs.

Stomata

Microscopic pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis.

Photon

A discrete particle or quantum of light energy whose energy is inversely related to its wavelength.

Photo Pigments

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light energy, including Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoids, and Anthocyanins.

Photosystem

A light-capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane consisting of light-harvesting complexes and a reaction-center complex.

Light-Harvesting Complex

The component of a photosystem that gathers light energy through pigment molecules and transfers it to the reaction center.

Reaction-Center Complex

The core component of a photosystem containing specialized chlorophyll molecules where excited electrons are transferred.

Light Reactions

The first phase of photosynthesis that utilizes Photosystem II and Photosystem I to convert light energy into ATP and NADPH.

Photosystem II

The photosystem that functions first in the light reactions, passing electrons through an electron transport chain to generate ATP.

Photosystem I

The photosystem that functions after Photosystem II in the light reactions to pass excited electrons to form NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis consisting of three phases that uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon into sugars.

$C_3$, $C_4$, and CAM Plants

Three distinct groups of plants that utilize different structural and temporal adaptations for carbon fixation.