Bio K103 Lab Exam 2

Phylum Chordata

- notochord

- dorsal nerve cord

- closed circulation

- bilateral symmetry

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Cephalochordata

- marine dwellers

- segmented bodies

- oral cirri

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

- aquatic and terrestrial organisms

- distinct head and trunk

- well developed brain and sensory organs

- closed circulatory system

- ex: reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals

Functions of Skeletal System

- support

- protection

- movement

- mineral homeostasis

- blood cell production

- triglyceride storage

Synovial Joints

- membranous sac filled with synovial fluid

- full range of motion

Examples: ball and socket joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, gliding joint, and pivot joint

Cartilaginous Joints

fibrocartilage connects neighboring bones

Example: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Fibrous Joints

sheet of connective tissue between neighboring bones

Examples: radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, between most bones of the skull

Fused joints

one bone is fused to another

Examples: the frontal bone just above the nasal bone, sutures between skull bones

Osteon

fundamental functional unit of compact bone

Central Canal

- cerebrospinal fluid filled space

- bone nerve and blood supply

Lamellae

concentric layer of compact bone tissue

Interstitial System

space between osteons

Interstitial lamellae

remnants of osteons partially reabsorbed during bone remodeling

Hyaline

joint cartilage

lacunae

space containing bone, chondrocytes, or osteocytes in cartilage

fibroblasts

generate collagen

collagen

main component of connective tissue

Trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped projection of bone

Tuberosity

large rounded projection

tubercle

small rounded projection

crest

narrow projection of bone which forms a prominent ridge

line

thinner less prominent than a crest, often long and narrow

spine

slender extension of bone, often more flat-like compared to a process

process

more sharp and slender than a spine, often needle-like

epicondyle

projection above a condyle

ramus

branch or bar of bone (may look like an arm-like projection)

Head

on the proximal end of a bone, a rounded expanded region connected to the rest of the bone by a neck

Facet

very shallow surface, flat and nearly smooth in appearance

condyle

large, round knob of bone (somewhat like a small head projecting from another area of the bone)

meatus

canal or tube-like passage way

sinus

cavity or hollow space within a bone; air-filled and a mucous membrane will be present

Fossa (fovea)

shallow depression in bone (often is an articulating surface)

Sulcus (groove)

furrow along a bone in which a vessel or tendon may lie

fissure

narrow or slit-like (blood vessels or nerves pass through such openings)

foramen

round opening (like fissure, vessels or nerves pass through as may ligaments)

alveolus

a pit, pocket, or socket

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

- aquatic and terrestrial organisms

- protruding eyes

- cleft tongue

- maxillary and vomerine teeth

- semi-permeable skin (respiration)

- metamorphic

Functions of Muscle Tissue

- producing body movements

- stabilizing body positions

- storing/moving substances within the body

- generating heat

Properties of Muscle Tissue

- electrical excitability

- contractility

- extensibility

- elasticity

Sarcomere Thick filaments

myosin

sarcomere thin filaments

actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

digestive system

processes food so it can be absorbed through intestinal wall into bloodstream

urogenital system

aids in extracting/processing wastes from blood and reproduction

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

everything (nerves) but the brain and spinal cord

Basic Components of reflexes

1. A receptor that detects change

2. An afferent or sensory neuron that relays information

3. a control center that evaluates incoming information and determines an appropriate response

4. an efferent or motor neuron that carries information away from the control center

5. an effector, which stimulates the action at the target site

nervous system

senses and responds to stimuli

somatic senses

touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioceptors

vision

- light passes through cornea -> aqueous fluid -> lens -> vitreous body

- image forms on photoreceptor cells in retina

- signal passes to bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve

Auditory

- sound waves enter via pinna

- tympanic membrane vibrates

- malleus, incus, stapes amplify

- oval window vibrates

- vibrations conducted through fluid

- hair cells stimulated

- cochlear nerve transmits to brain

Gustation and Olfactory pathway

- signal (odorant/tastant) molecule stimulates receptor

- ATP->cAMP and ion channels impacted

Gustation

- taste buds

- 5 tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Olfactory

- In humans 350 different olfactory receptors

- with combination, can perceive >10,000 scents

Antibody-Antigen

- adaptive

- double diffusion

Antibody

big protein recognizes antigen

antigen

foreign particle to host

Immune System

- disease protection

- innate vs. adaptive

osteoclasts

break down bone

osteoblasts

build bone and lay down extracellular matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells

dense bone

surrounds spongy bone

spongy bone

is inside dense bone and is the site of blood cell formation

Long bone components

made up of diaphysis, epiphysis, and medullary cavity

diaphysis

the shaft which is a cylinder of dense bone

epiphysis

the end of a long bone; red marrow persists here

medullary cavity

is center of the shafting mature long bones it will contain yellow marrow

periosteum

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue and covers the external surface of bone

cartilage

covers the ends of long bones

tendons and ligaments

attach to bones via the periosteum

Endosteum

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that lines the internal surface of the bone (medullary cavity), the central canal of an osteon, and the surface of spongy bone

articular cartilage (hyaline)

covers distal ends of epiphysis and is important in bone protection during movement at the joints

long bone

bone will be longer than it is wide (arm and leg bones)

short bone

box-like or cube-like in appearance; central cavity contains red marrow (carpal bones)

Flat bone

sandwich like; central cavity contains red marrow (most of cranial bones)

Irregular bone

bones with projective notched or ridged regions making it hard to see a defined shape (vertebrae)

sesamoid bone

bones that develop inside a tendon (the patella)

ball and socket joints

head of the humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula; head of femur and the acetabulum of ox cosa

saddle joint

one bone has a concave surface and the other a convex surface which form the joint (the joint at the proximal end of the thumb)

Hinge joint

motion is in only one plane like the hinge of a door or a piano lid (the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochela of the humerus - your elbow) sometimes called monaxial joint

gliding joint

very limited motion of sliding (articulation between carpal bones)

pivot joint

like the hinge joint allows motion in one plane, but this motion is rotation (the joint between the atlas and axis. which allows the head to turn 90º left or 90º right)

tendon

connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

ligament

connective tissue connecting a bone to another bone

bursa

pockets of connective tissue which are fluid filled and help reduce friction where tendons or ligaments come in contact with other tissues