All of Unit 1 Human Geo

Simplification

Cant show every single detail- its physically impossible to do so. As a result a "simpler" map is the outcome.

Classification

Cartographer decides what to categorize/classify/include

Symbolization

Symbols used can influence the way people view the map

Induction

bringing things into a map which may not be 100% accurate

Graphic Bar Scale

A scale that is depicted by a bar

Verbal Scale

A scale that is depicted by sentences or words (EX: one inch equals 250mi)

Representative Fraction Scale

Scale which uses a fraction/ratio (EX: 1:100,000)

Small Scale Maps

A small scale map shows/depicts a large land or area

Large Scale Maps

A Large scale map shows/depicts a small land or area in greater detail

Refrence Maps

Shows where somthing is in space; provides general overview of an area (Where things are)

Thematic Maps

Special-purpose maps that show spatial distribution of specific variables (cultural info, population, rainfall,income,traffic)

Choropleth Maps

Maps that have data that is categorized in districts, numerical values are used to place eacho the districts into a particular category, coloring is used to show which category each district belongs.

Dot Maps

Dots convery info about the districtuoon of a particular phenomenon. A dot may repsent one thing ( EX: a single case of malaria)

Graduated Circle (Symbol) Maps

Symbols used have different sizes in prportion to some quality that occurs at that point, bigger symbol=more of that particular phenomenon.

Isoline/Isopleth Maps

Very similar to a topographic map, uses line symbols to depict a continous distribution like levation or temp, Isoline connect of euqal value, ispleth maps are like chloropleth in the sense that colors are added.

Cartograms

Shows statistical information (similar to graduated symbol maps) areas are drawn out of proportion to show data.

Clustering

To be aggregated together

Dispersal

to be spread apart

Regional Analysis (Basic Unit of Measurement)

Areas of Earth that have certain unifying characters (physical or human)

Internal uniformity

Internal uniformity (common features shared within)

External Uniqueness

The uniformity demonstrated within is visible to outsiders

Characteristics of a Region

1. Areas boundaries,specific loaction. 2.most regions based on cultural human/characterstics 3. language economic religion ethinicty 4. place factor=people often feel attachments to regions

Formal Regions

Virtually everyones shares one or more common characteristic. (Language ethnicity religion, policital status.)

Functional Regions

Areas organized around a node, functional regions tend to have more clearly defined border but not always.

Vernacular (Perceptual) Regions

Regions percevied as part of a distinct cultural identity, EX: The south thought to different more subjective biases.

Nodes

The node of a functional region dominates at the center and loses importance as we get farther away (distance decay)

Region Cons

1. Regions are subjective 2.boundaries are fuzzy and change over time.

Scale of Analysis

Refers to the size of the area being studied

Global Scale of Analysis

The entire earth- no countries/borders shown

Regional Scale of Analysis

Boundaries/borders of indivudal countries are typically not present (they may be, but if they are,there will be a clear emphasis on particular areas grouped together)

National Scale of Analysis

Boundaries of each country are shown; (EX: birthrate is shown per country)

Local Scale of Analysis

Anything within a country: states/provinces, countries,cities

Large Scales

Local, and shows unique patterns and phenomena

Small Scales

Larger area, generalities, broad patterns more evident.

Interdependence

Phenomena rarely have no effect on other areas or at a different scale.

Scale of Inquiry

Adjusting the scale to look/find different conclusions

Spatial Analysis

Study of how geograpgic phenomena are arranged and why

Absolute Location

A specific, dstinct location on earth. Pinpointed by longitude or latitude.

Time zones

360 degrees around earth 24 hours per day= approximately 15 degrees per time zone. International date line=180 degrees. (time zones often adjusted to fit political/terriotal boundaries)

Longitude

0-180 degrees East to west of the prime meridian and they run north to south

Latitude

0 to 90 degrees north to south of the equator and runs east to west.

Relative Location

Where is something located in relation to another location, helps to find/ describe unfamilar locations using landmarks.

Toponyms

Place names that can reflect ethinicity, religion, physical characteristics, history etc.

Site

Physical/ natural characterisitics of an area.

Cognitive/Perceputal Aspects of Location

impressions of an area that are often formed without really knowing them or having first-hand interaction.

Place

A specfic location with unique/distinct characteristics.

Cultural Landscape

the human-made "built" environment-give clues about a locations priorities,actvities,local lavues, income/background of residents

Globalization

World wide economic interconnectedness and the spread of a certaon cultural attributes.

Placelessness

Diminishing landscape distinctiveness;many locations appear similar to everywhere else;less emotional connection is inspired in people.

Reviltalization

Removal of old structures, greater investment/adding new cultural attractions

Flows

Movement across space, can involve physical/tangible things or intangibles.

Absolute Distance

Actual distance measurements

Relative Distance

The time/effort/cost it takes to get somewhere

Friction of Distance/Distance decay

Diminishing activity/interaction between places as distance increases

Space-time compression

refers to the figurative "shrinking" of the modern world.

Nearness Principle

Typically human activites want to maximizethe use of fuliness of a given location

Accessibility

opportunity for contact/interaction with other locations (physically)

Connectivity

Level of developent in communication roads, telephone lines, internet etc.( doesnt necessarily mean physical)

Pattern

The geometric arrangement of objects/features in space.

Topography

The shape/natural features of land):influences sttlement pattern and activites

Climate

Lifestyle/cultural practices (diet/food tradtions/ activities)

Cutural Ecology

How humans (as members of different cultural groups ) interact with the environment

Enviornmental determinism

The belief that the physical enviornment determines one's sucess/failure

Possibilism

the belief that man kind can adjust to physical features, making it more possible we survive in a variety of environments

Enviornmental Perceptions

Different cultures=different mental images/view of surroundings (organic view=harmony with nature)(mechanistic view= dominion over nature)

Sustainability

The use of the earth's remewable and non renewable resources in ways that ensure resouce availability in the future.

Land uses

Natural Presention=national parks and convservation lands, Practical uses=many public lands have resources to sustain them.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Computer based 3-D map-making tool that has layers of different information "stacked on top of eachother. Shows connections among different phenomena. Used to monitor farmland and productivity, military operations, analyzing effects of potential boundart changes,identifying potential customers, urban planning, and disaster relief.

Pros and Cons of GIS

(Pros: More maps created) (Cons: Increasing worry of survelliance and emphasis on discriminatory info like income and ethnicity)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satelite-based radio navigation system.

Remote sensing

Photography of earth surface via satellite, airplane, or drone

Census data

Shows demo graphics, econmic basics, education levels

What is the purpose of Geographic Data

Personal purposes, business purposes (zip code analysis=demographics, income etc.) where is the best place to locate a sepcific activity? and governmental purposes.