Abdominal Viscera

What structures can be found within the Right cranial quadrant of the abdomen

Liver( Caudate, R, and Quadrate), Gallbladder, stomach(pyloric), duodenum(descending), Jejunum, Colon(ascending and transverse), Right Kidney

What structures can be found within the Left Cranial quadrant of the abdomen

Liver(L, papillary process), Stomach( fungus, body), Head of the spleen, jejunum, colon(transverse and descending)

What structures can be found within the middle right quadrant of the abdomen

Spleen, right kidney, duodenum(descending), jejunum, ileum, cecum, Female Repro, Bladder

What strucutres can be observed in the middle left quadrant of the abdomen

Spleen, left kidney, duodenum(transverse and ascending), Jejunum, colon(descending), Female Reproductive, Bladder

What structures are observed in the caudal portion of the abdomen

Descending colon, bladder, prostate/uterine body

Regarding the alimentary canal what is oral, amoral, mesenteric, anitmesenteric

Toward mouth, away from mouth, on side of GIT that mesentary reflects, opposite the mesenteric side

Name the primary functions of the liver

Biotransformation of toxins

Regulation of blood sugar

Processing of fatty acids

Bile secretion

Synthesis of blood proteins

What are the lobes of the liver in order from right to left

caudate lobe(papillary and caudate processes), right lateral lobe, right median lobe, quadrate lobe, left median lobe, left lateral lobe

What impression is part of the caudate lobe

Renal impression

What is the falciform ligament and where is it located in the dog and in the cat

Fat filled ligament; lines the floor of the abdominal wall in dogs and in cats is found between the liver and diaphragm

What are the functions of the gallbladder

Store and concentrate bile from the liver

What is the functions of bile

Facilities digestion and absorption of fat via emulsification

What is the flow of bile through biliary vessels

Gallbladder - cystic duck - hepatic duct - bile duct - duodenum

What are the functions and enzymes of the pancreas

Endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and Exocrine (lipase, amylase, proteases)

What are the parts of the pancreas

Body, Left lobe, right lobe

The pancreatic ducts lead to what duodenal openings

Major and minor duodenal papilla

What are the functions of the spleen

Filtering of blood, immune surveillance, platelet storage

How do splenectomized animals survive

Other body systems take over functions; blood filtering - liver, immune surveillance - other lymph organs, platelets in bone marrow

Splenic morphology

Head, tail, Hilum, gastrosplenic ligament

Describe sphincter muscles

Circular muscles or sections; completely or partially open when relaxed and closed when contracted.

What is the composition and innervation of sphincter muscles

Somatomotor - skeletal muscles, voluntary

Visceromotor - smooth musceles, involuntary

Describe esophageal function

Moves ingesta via peristalsis

Describe UES and LES muscles

Contracts when not swallowing and when breathing

UES - prevents regurgitation

LES - prevents gastric reflux

What are the functions of the stomach

Mechanical and chemical digestion; Gastric secretions: gastrin, HCL; absorption

Morphology of the stomach

Cardia, fundus, pyloric part, pylorus, body, gastric rugae

What are the functions of the duodenum

Neutralization of gastric acid, mixing digests with bile, pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate, some absorption, motility

What is the function of the Jejunum

Primary site of absorption and some motility

What is the function of the ileum

Some absorption, immune function due to Peyers patch, motility

What is the fucntion of the Cecum

Immune function due to GALT, minimal microbial fermentation in cats and dogs

What is the fucntion of colon

Primary site of water absorption

What is the fucntion of the rectum

Stretch receptors detect distention, which signals urge to defecate

What is the function of the anus

Control of defecation via sphincters

Describe duodenal morphology

Descending, transverse, ascending; mesoduodenum; major and minor duodenal papilla

Describe jejunal morphology

Longest portion, “mobile”

Describe ileal morphology

Ileocolic and cecocolic orifices

Describe cecum morphology

Diverticulum, cecocolic orifice

Describe morphology of colon

Suspended by mesocolon; ascending, right flexors, transverse, left flexure, descending colon

Describe morphology of the rectum

Intrapelvic continuation of the colon, begins at inlet and end at anus

Describe morphology of the anus

Internal and external anal sphincter muscles, parabolic sinuses

Describe perinatal glands/sacs

Modified sebaceous glads on cutaneous zone; sacs lie ventral arterial to the anus in between internal and external sphincter muscles.