KNES 191 Anatomy Practical Vocabulary for Exam I

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering directional terms, anatomical planes, joint movements, bone landmarks, skeletal divisions, skull features, vertebrae, bone histology, bone mineral density categories, muscle roles, and key axial muscles from the KNES 191 study guide.

Superior

Above or closer to the head.

Inferior

Below or toward the feet.

Anterior / ventral

Toward the front.

Posterior / dorsal

Toward the back.

Medial or internal rotation

Closer to the midline.

Lateral or external rotation

Farther from the midline.

Ipsilateral

On the same side.

Contralateral

On opposite sides.

Proximal

Closer to trunk or reference point.

Distal

Farther from trunk or reference point.

Superficial

Near the surface.

Deep

Farther inside.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into right and left portions; midsagittal makes equal halves.

Frontal / coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Transverse / horizontal plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions; appears as a cross-section.

Flexion

Joint movement where joint angle decreases.

Extension

Joint movement where joint angle increases.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position.

Abduction

Movement away from midline.

Adduction

Movement toward midline.

Dorsiflexion

Movement where top of foot moves toward shin (up).

Plantarflexion

Movement where foot points downward.

Supination / pronation

Movement where palm faces anterior-up or posterior-down.

Process

General bony prominence or bump.

Ramus of the Mandible

Extension that creates an angle with the rest of the bone.

Condyle

Smooth rounded prominence with cartilage for articulation.

Facet

Smooth, flat articular surface.

Trochanter

Large rough rounded projection.

Tuberosity

Rough rounded projection; larger than a tubercle.

Tubercle

Small rough rounded projection.

Fossa

Depression ranging from a trench to a broad shallow basin.

Foramen

Rounded passageway through bone.

Axial skeleton

Central axis division consisting of skull, hyoid, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum/thoracic cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Division containing upper and lower limbs plus the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Foramen magnum

Large opening on inferior occipital bone for spinal cord.

External occipital protuberance

Midline bump on posterior skull located on the occipital bone.

Zygomatic arch

Lateral cheek arch formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

Mastoid process

Rounded projection posterior and inferior to ear canal on the temporal bone.

Atlas C1

Ring-shaped first cervical vertebra with no typical body; supports skull and permits 'yes' nodding at atlanto-occipital joint.

Axis C2

Second cervical vertebra having the dens projecting superiorly, forming a pivot allowing rotation for 'no'.

Dens

Tooth-like process of axis inside ring of atlas acting as pivot for rotation.

True ribs 1-7

Ribs that attach directly to sternum through their own costal cartilages.

False ribs

Ribs that do not attach directly to sternum; ribs 8-10 attach indirectly through cartilage above; ribs 11-12 do not attach anteriorly.

Floating ribs 11-12

Subset of false ribs with no anterior attachment to sternum.

Jugular notch

Superior midline depression of manubrium between clavicular notches.

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

Lamellae

Layers of calcified matrix; concentric in an osteon, arranged as trabeculae in spongy bone.

Central canal

Center of osteon containing blood vessels and nerves.

Lacuna

Small space housing an osteocyte.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix.

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting lacunae and allowing osteocyte communication/exchange.

Trabeculae

Thin plates/struts forming spongy bone.

Osteoprogenitor cell / osteogenic cell

Stem-like bone cell that can become an osteoblast.

Osteoblast

Bone cell that builds and deposits new bone matrix.

Osteoclast

Large cell that resorbs/breaks down bone.

Cortical bone

Another name for compact bone.

Cancellous bone

Another name for spongy bone.

Osteopenia

Bone mass category for reduced bone mass less severe than osteoporosis, corresponding to a T-score below $-1.0$ through $-2.49$.

Osteoporosis

Fragile porous bone condition with high fracture risk, corresponding to a T-score of $-2.5$ or lower.

Origin

Usually the more fixed and proximal attachment of a muscle.

Insertion

Usually the more movable and distal attachment of a muscle; moves toward origin during contraction.

Agonist / prime mover

Muscle that provides most of the force for the desired movement.

Synergist

Muscle that assists the prime mover or stabilizes a joint.

Antagonist

Muscle that produces the opposite action and is lengthened as the agonist acts.

Orbicularis oris

Circular muscle around lips that constricts the mouth.

Orbicularis oculi

Circular muscle surrounding eye that closes the eye.

Masseter

Thick muscle over lateral ramus/angle of mandible that elevates mandible and closes jaw.

Buccinator

Deep cheek muscle anterior to masseter that compresses the cheeks.

Temporalis

Fan-shaped muscle over temporal bone superior to ear that elevates mandible.

Platysma

Thin superficial sheet across anterior neck that tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible.

Sternocleidomastoid

Superficial diagonal strap from sternum/clavicle to mastoid process that causes cervical flexion (bilateral) or opposite side rotation (unilateral).

Erector spinae

Large paired longitudinal columns beside spine that extend the spine.

Rectus abdominis

Superficial vertical muscle of abdominal wall that flexes the trunk.

Transversus abdominis

Deepest abdominal muscle with horizontal fibers that compresses the abdomen.

Skull (22 major bones)

Cranium (8) and Facial (14)

Occipital bone

Located at the back of the skull / cranium

Frontal bone

Located in the front of the skull and forms the structure of the forehead.

Sphenoid bone

At the middle of the central skull base, sitting just behind the eyes and wedged between other cranial bones.

Ethmoid bone

At the anterior part of the skull base, sitting directly between the eye sockets (orbits) and forming the roof of the nasal cavity.

Parietal Bones

At the top and sides of the skull.

Temporal Bones

A pair of bones located at the lower sides and base of the skull, positioned directly beneath the parietal bones.

Maxillary bones

A pair of connected bones located in the center of the face, forming the upper jaw and the mandible third of the facial skeleton (aka maxillae)

Lacrimal Bones

A pair of small, fragile bones located in the inner wall of each eye socket (orbit)

Nasal Bones

A pair of small, oblong bones located in the upper-middle part of the face, forming the bridge of the nose

Zygomatic Bones

Commonly known as the cheekbones, this pair of diamond-shaped facial bones are located on the upper lateral sides of the face.

Mandible

Commonly known as the jawbone, this bone is located at the bottom of the face, forming the entire lower jaw.

Palatine Bones

A pair of L-shaped bones located deep in the back of the nasal cavity, positioned between the upper jaw (maxilla) and the roof of the mouth (hard palate).

Inferior nasal conchae bones

A pair of thin, curved, scroll-like bones located horizontally along the lower side walls of the nasal cavity.

Vomer

A small thin, plow-shaped bone located along the midline of the nasal cavity, forming the lower and back portion of the nasal septum (the wall that divides the nose into left and right nostrils).

Sinuses

The skull contains four pairs, which are hollow, air-filled cavities. They are lined with mucus membranes, lighten the weight of the skull, and warm or humidify inhaled air.

Skull sutures

Rigid, immovable joints that lock the bones together. The four primary ones are the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous.

Median or anteroposterior

Another name for Sagittal plane / midsagittal plane

Lateral

Another name for Coronal / frontal

Axial skeleton

The skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thorax or thoracic cage is located in the what

Appendicular skeleton

The pectoral girdle / shoulder girdle, upper limbs, hip (or pelvic) girdle / coxal bone / coxa / os coxa, and lower limbs are part of the

Hyoid bone

Located in the front of the upper neck, positioned horizontally between the lower jaw (mandible) and they thyroid cartilage (voice box)

Vertebral Column

Also known as the spine or backbone and is located along the midline of the body’s back.

Carpals

8 bones: Located at the base of the hand, forming the wrist joint.

Metacarpals

5 bones: Located in the palm area of the hand.

Skull

Located at the top of the neck, housing brain and organs of special sense. Includes the cranium and face bones.