chapter 16 - casts and impressions

tread pattern

For impression evidence, _____ is used to describe the part of a tire that meets the road.

2007

In _____, databases for footwear and tire impressions were developed.

latent

_____ impressions are hidden from the unaided eye.

an asymmetrical gait

If someone is limping, the impressions may reveal _____.

wheel diameter

For a vehicle tire marked P225/75R16, the last two numbers indicate _____.

prior to 2009

_____, bite-mark impression evidence was considered to be sufficient, and scientific evidence was used to convict a person.

solemate

_____ is a shoe pattern database.

FTIR

The use of _____ techniques allows investigators an inexpensive and objective method of individualizing wear patterns.

as many as 76

_____ points of comparison may be used when comparing dental impressions and bite-mark impressions.

when one or more wheels lock

Skid marks form _____.

from the center of the tread of a tire to the center of the tread of the opposite tire

The track width of a vehicle is measured _____.

used to determine the area of impact of a collision

Tire scrubs are _____.

LT275/60R18

A light truck with 18-inch, 275 mm wide radial construction wheels with an aspect ratio of 60, the information on the sidewall would be _____.

length and width of a shoe vary by the shoe type and style

When analyzing shoe or foot impressions, _____.

electrostatic lifting can reveal impressions in fine dust

When lifting latent foot or shoe impressions, _____.

impressions that are not visible to the unaided eye

Clean feet can transfer sweat and oils from the skin onto a polished floor and leave _____.

in 1985 by the NHTSA

National guidelines for the standardization of traffic collision reconstruction experts were funded _____.

root canals and associated dental X-rays are considered individual evidence

In 2009, the release of the NAS report, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward, challenged the role and significance of impression evidence. As a result of this report, _____.

traveling northbound suddenly hit the brakes hard and traveled into the intersection before stopping

CSIs arrive at a scene near a four-way stop on a paved county road. The stop signs are facing north, east, west, and south. A body is lying on the grass several feet from the edge of the pavement and just a few feet south of the south-facing stop sign. The body shows signs of traumatic injury. Vegetation in the area appears undisturbed. Straight, black marks are present on the pavement. The marks are light to the south of the stop sign and get progressively darker until ending a few feet north of the stop sign. Based on this preliminary information, a vehicle _____.

only the Jeep Grand Cherokee has a tight enough turning diameter

Police investigate "doughnuts" in a parking lot after neighbors complain. Several tread marks are found. The smallest of the circles measures 38 feet from side to side. The largest circle measures 40 feet from side to side. The neighbors report that boys from the neighborhood could be responsible. When interviewing the families, investigators learn that only three vehicles could have been used. None of the vehicles have 4WD. The three vehicles are a Ford F-350, a Dodge Ram, and a Jeep Grand Cherokee. Based on the tire mark evidence, _____.