Study guide for RNA and Protein Synthesis

What is a mutation? — A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence.

What causes DNA mutations? — Chemicals, UV light, and radiation.

What sugar is found in RNA? — Ribose.

What base replaces thymine in RNA? — Uracil (U).

What base pairs with uracil? — Adenine (A).

Is RNA single or double stranded? — Single stranded.

What are the 3 types of RNA? — mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

What does mRNA do? — Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.

What does tRNA do? — Transports amino acids to ribosomes.

What does rRNA do? — Makes up ribosomes and helps build proteins.

What is transcription? — Using DNA as a template to make mRNA.

Where does transcription occur? — In the nucleus.

Where are proteins made? — At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

What is copied during transcription? — DNA instructions are copied into RNA.

What are RNA base-pairing rules? — A pairs with U; C pairs with G.

What is the product of transcription? — RNA, usually mRNA.

Which RNAs are involved in protein synthesis? — mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

What happens to mRNA after transcription? — It leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome.

What does RNA stand for? — Ribonucleic acid.

What are proteins made of? — Amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

What is a codon? — Three mRNA bases that code for an amino acid or stop.

What is the start codon? — AUG; codes for methionine.

What are the three stop codons? — UAA, UAG, and UGA.

What is an anticodon? — Three tRNA bases complementary to an mRNA codon.

Where is the anticodon found? — On tRNA.

Where are amino acids found in a cell? — In the cytoplasm.

What transports amino acids to ribosomes? — tRNA.

What ends translation? — A stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA).

What is translation? — Using mRNA instructions to assemble a protein.

What is the difference between transcription and translation? — Transcription makes RNA from DNA; translation makes protein from mRNA.

What amino acid does UUA code for? — Leucine.

What amino acid does AUU code for? — Isoleucine.

What amino acid does UGU code for? — Cysteine.

What amino acid does AAA code for? — Lysine.

What amino acid does GAG code for? — Glutamic acid.

What does UAA code for? — Stop.

What does AUG code for? — Methionine; start codon.

What does UAG code for? — Stop.

What does UGA code for? — Stop.

What mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon AAA? — UUU.

What mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon GGA? — CCU.

What mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon UAC? — AUG.

What mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon CGU? — GCA.

What bond joins amino acids? — Peptide bonds.

What are the RNA base-pairing rules during transcription? — DNA A pairs with RNA U; DNA T with RNA A; C with G; G with C.

What does a codon code for? — A specific amino acid or a stop signal.