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Which Frankish leader stopped the advance of Muslim forces into Western Europe at the battle of Tours in 732 Ad

Charles Martell

What was primary motivation for Viking attacks on monasteries like Lindisfame in Northern Britain in the 8th century?

Desire for gold and wealth stored in unprotected religious centers

In 800 AD, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne with which title, signaling a new alliance between the Church and the State?

Holy Roman Emperor

The term "Filioque, which became a major theological cause of the Great Schism, refers to which change in the Nicene Creed?

Adding the words “and the son” to describe the procession of the holy spirit

Which language was primarily used in the liturgy of the Eastern (Byzantine) Church leading up to the Schism of 1054?

Greek

Following the Islamic conquest of ancient Christian centers like Alexandria and Antioch, how did the "pentarchy" (five major centers) of the Christian Church change?

The focus shifted to toward the only two remaining major centers: Rome and Constantinople

What was the ultimate power the Pope had over Christians in the 9-11th century ?

He could Excommunicate them.

What was the final "flashpoint" event in 1054 that officially marked the Great Schism?

The mutual excommunication of the Pope's legate and the Patriarch of Constantinople