ALL FINAL NOTES

phonetics

physical side of speech: how sounds are made and heard

phonology

mental side: sound patterns & systems in your head

pulmonic airflow

air pushed from the lungs

glottis

the opening between the vocal folds

pharynx

the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, involved in the production of speech sounds.

larynx

voice box

nasal cavity

nose + tubes to the throat + sinuses

vocal tract

everything above the larynx

oral articulators

tongue, lips, jaw, velum

phonation

the process of producing sound from the larynx, where vocal cords vibrate to create speech.

place of articulation

where in the mouth the airflow is constricted

inter-dental

tongue between the teeth /θ/ /ð/ think, this

labiodental

upper teeth against lower lip /f/ /v/

postalveolar

tongue just behind the alveolar ridge [ʃ] “sh”

alveolar

tongue near the ridge behind upper teeth [s] [t]

alveolar ridge

bumpy ridge behind your upper teeth

velar

back of the tongue against the soft palate [k] [g]

glottal

vocal cords together in the larynx [h] [ɦ]

bilabial

produced with both lips [p] [b] [m].

palatal

middle of the tongue against the hard palate [ʃ] [ʒ] [j]

voiced sounds

sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords, such as [b] and [d].

voiceless sounds

sounds produced without vocal cord vibration, such as [p] and [t].

manner of articulation

how speech organs shape, construct, and release airflow to produce consonant sounds

stop (plosive)

complete closure of the vocal tract /b/ /t/ /k/

nasal stop

air flows through the nose /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

fricative

narrow gap, turbulent (hissy) airflow /f/ /s/

affricative

stop + fricative /tʃ/ ‘ch’

approximant

tract narrows, not enough for turbulence /r/

lateral approximant

air flows around the sides of the tongue /l/

vowel features

pulmonic airflow + voiced + air through oral/nasal cavity

high (close)

tongue close to the roof of the mouth /i/ in see

low (open)

tongue low, mouth open, jaw lowered /a/ in father

mid (close-mid, open-mid)

tongue between high and low

backness

the position of the tongue in the mouth, ranging from front to back.

front

the position of the tongue in the mouth, closest to the lips

central

the position of the tongue in the mouth, between front and back,

/ə/ in about.

monophthong

a vowel sound consisting of a single, unchanging sound quality

/ɪ/ in pit

diphthong

a vowel sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into another within the same syllable

/ɪə/ in beer

nucleus

mandatory part of a syllable (usually the vowel)

cAt

onset

consonant(s) before the vowel

STring

coda

consonant(s) after the nucleus

caT

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

free morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone as a word

bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone and must attach to a free morpheme to convey meaning.

derivational morpheme

a type of bound morpheme that, when added to a root or base word, changes its meaning or category, often creating a new word.

inflectional morpheme

a type of bound morpheme that modifies a word's tense, mood, voice, person, number, and gender, without changing its core meaning.

affix

bound morpheme added to a root

suffix

a type of affix that is added to the end of a root word

prefix

morpheme that is added to the beginning of a root word

three steps of morphological analysis

1. pull apart the morpheme

2. find the root

3. think about what it means

syntax

the rules and principles that govern the structure of sentences in a language

noun

a part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea

verb

a part of speech that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being

adverb

a part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, often indicating manner, place, time, or degree.

adjective

a part of speech that modifies a noun by providing more information about it, such as its quality or quantity.

determiner

starts a noun phrase: shows reference, quantity, or ownership

preposition

links a noun phrase to the rest: time, place, direction

complementiser phrase

a type of phrase that introduces a complement clause, often functioning as the subject or object of a sentence, usually involving words like "that" or "whether."

contrastive sounds

sounds that can swap in the same spot AND change the word’s meaning

minimal pair

two words differing by only one phoneme, with different meanings

phoneme //

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish between words.

allophone []

different pronunciations of the same phoneme, no change in meaning —> different versions of the same sound

complementary distribution

occurs when two allophones of a phoneme never appear in the same phonetic context, meaning they are mutually exclusive in their usage.

contrastive distribution

occurs when two phonemes appear in the same phonetic context and can create a change in meaning between words.

constituent

a constituent is a group of words that work together as one unit in a sentence

substitution test

replace the group with another word and keep the sentence grammatical

substitution test example: the little girl

she: she ate an apple

movement test

move the group to another spot, usually the start

movement test example:

in the garden, the little girl at an apple

coordination test

join it to a similar group with an/or/but

coordination test example

the little girl and her brother ate an apple

clefting test

it was [group] that [rest]

clefting test example

it was an apple that mia ate

question answer test

can the group stand alone as an answer?