Final Exam

It usually takes 2-4 years for a bacteria to evolve resistance to a new widely used antibiotic. Why does antibiotic resistance in bacteria occur quickly?

Antibiotics are strong selective agents

____________ it pertains to survival and reproductive success

Fitness

Are natural selection and artificial selection similar?

Both result in increased frequency of beneficial traits

In the study on beach mice population found the mcRI gene had 2 alleles that controlled coat color in mice.

That coat color was controlled by genetics and not environmental

WA1A1=1, WA1A2=0.9, WA2WA2=0.75 , express the fitness of A2A2 genotype?

A2A2 genotype is being selected against 25% more than the fittest genotype

Darwins theory of evolution provided explanation for all of the following expect

how to calculate allele and genotype

Individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele have the highest fitness

overdominance

Under ___________ individuals tend to mate with others of the same genotype

Assortative mating

Under _____________ tend to mate with different

Dissortative mating

Mendel’s law of independent

is loci located on different chromosomes

Loci with 3 alleles

Loci not on the same chromosome

Natural selection

acts on existing genetic variation in the population

Natural selection has limits and leads to trade

Natural selection favors traits that are useful

Artificial selection

selection for chickens with large breasts

Mice Pic

higher fitness with mice with coats that match

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Nonrandom mating does not change genotype frequencies

Mendel’s law of segregation

Offspring inherit 1 allele from each parent

Each parent has 2 alleles

2 Alleles present in the parent separated during meiosis

In order for traits evolve by natural selection individual must experience differential success

Individuals with certain traits are more successful than others in population at surviving

Population genetics

examines alleles and genotype frequencies

If RR flower red, Rr flower pink, and rr is white

Incomplete Dominance

Which of the following directional selection scenarios will an allele go to fixation on the fastest

When the dominant allele is being selected against

Empirical study

measuring the survival of light and dark Miu manipulating and observing

Why do you need to use stats?

to test if the difference between observed and expected frequencies is great enough

Which of the following processes will result in more heterozygotes than expected under Hardy Weinberg?

Disassortative mating

A population may experience inbreeding depression when

Wrights F>0

assortative mating

individuals are the offspring of genetic relatives

34 Al in large 0.75

25 Al in small 0.25

20% of mainland population migrates At what value will A1 on the island reach equilibrium?

0.75

An example of a discrete trait?

Round or wrinkled pea seeds

We use punnet square to

calculate expected frequencies

A sample of 2,000, 250 MN, and 150 NN. 1,600 MM What is observed allele frequency of N in population?

What is expected frequency of MN individual?

0.138

0.24

Concerning Mutation

mutations are generated random

beneficial mutations are rare

Most mutation have netural effects

Natural selection acts on individual evolution

population

One difference between we affect of mutation and natural selection on allele frequencies is b/c mutations rate are low it will take 10,000 generation to reach

Natural selection to operate on a phenotypic characteristic, it must be heritable and there must be variance in the phenotype

Natural selection

variation in a trait

adaptation

heritability

Who have the A blood type can have the genotype AA or AO, this is an example of

complete dominance

A study examined foraging behavior by mule deer in three habitats open areas, forest interior, and forest edge. The main predator of mule deer is mountains lions and some habitats may or may not increase the risk o predation while foraging. What is the null hypothesis

Mule deer will forage at the same rate in all habitats

For the binomial probability statistical test used in the sexual selection lab (roach lab), what was the null hypothesis being tested?

Females roaches show no preference

Prey I has an energy gain of 400 calories and a handling time of 5 minutes. Prey 2 has an energy gain of 50 calories and a handling time of 1 minute. If a forager encounter both prey I and Prey 2 at the same rate, which prey they choose?

The foragers should consume prey 1 b/c it is more profitable

The relationship between leaf-cutter ants and their fungal gardens is

mutualism, coevolution, and symbiosis

Batesian mimimicry is example of negative frequency-dependent selection b/c the mimic only increases it’s fitness.

If it is rare compared to the model

Which of the following represents the “two-fold” cost of sex or the cost of males associated with sexual reproduction?

Males produce many small gamates but do not directly produce offsprings

In the most basic optimal foraging model, profitability is represented as

Energy/ Time

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the optimal foraging

Animals will choose the food item that is the biggest

Phylogenetic trees the group “fish” would be described as

paraphyletic

Which of the following would causes the effective population size (Ne) to be lower than total population size (n)?

Variance in the number of offspring produced by mating pairs

Bright warning coloration in poison frogs was by Juan Santos and colleagues to be polyphyletic. What does this indicate about the evolution of bright aposematic coloration in poison frogs?

It is a result of convergent evolution

A statistical association between 2 loci is known as

Linkage disequilibrium

If a statiscal association exists between 2 loci which of the following is most likely?

observed and expected values will be significantly different

In a population of butterflies, a new allele arises that has a selective advantage of 0.02. The effective population of 1000. Using Kimura’s rule

S<<1/(2Ne), s=1/(2Ne)

Selection will have a stronger impact and new allele will decrease in population and eventually lost

When comparing the heights of 2 different population a t-test is used to see if there is a significant difference between

the means of each population

Broad sense heritability is defined

the amount of phenotypic variation that is due to genetics

Some strains of bacteria called superbugs are resistance to multiple different antibiotics one of the ways this can occur is through

interactions between alleles at different loci genetic hitchhiking

Analogous traits = similar traits in similar habitat

Narrow-sense heritability (h2) focuses on the additive effects of genetic variation

fitness advantage its population size large and is high

A monophyletic groups is also known as a

Clade

We are examining haplotype frequencies in a population of 100 individuals. We are assuming that the loci assort independently. What is the null hypothesis.

Observed haplotype frequencies will not differ significantly from the produced values

Which of the following is an example of a population with an Ne<N?

A loggerhead turtle population with 4 times as many females as males

A population of Northern elephant seals with currently 100,000 individuals that experience a past reduction in population size down to 10-20 individual

A snapper population with 3 million fish where only 200 are reproducing

A population may experience inbreeding depression. When

individuals are the offspring of genetic relatives

When wrights F’ stats is >0 for a population

Alleles in population are identical by descent

A neutral allele is 0.8. What is the probability of fixation?

80%