Phylogenetic tree- taxa traits

traits that evolved at each branch of tree

Amnitota

shelled egg with an amniotic membrane

synapsida

single temporal opening

sphenacodonts

-weak heterodont dentition

-caniniform maxillary teeth

therapsida

-upright posture

-enlarged temporal opening

-secondary palate present

-heterodont

-enlarged canines

-thecodont

cynodontia

-upright posture

-strongly heterodont

-larger temporal opening and brain

-differentiated vertebrae

-two occipital condyles

-complete secondary palate

-dentary-squamosal jaw articulation

-larger dentary bone

mammalia

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

-double occipital condyle and atlas/axis complex

-single lower mandible bone (dentary-squamosal joint)

-3 middle ear bones

-heterodont and multicuspate dentition

-complete secondary palate

-large jaw muscles

-muscular diaphragm and regional specialization of vertebral column

-upright posture

-large brain with neocortex

-4 chambered heart

-endothermic

-produce milk through mammary glands

-grow hair/fur

-viviparous

-have sweat/sebaceous glands

common ancestor had cloaca

theria

marsupials and eutherians

-placenta

-viviparous

-tribosphenic molars

-definitive mammal middle ear

eutherians

-brown adipose tissue

-complex chorioallantoic placenta

-single vagina

-higher metabolic rate

-corpus callosum

-deciduous teeth

-straight angular process

-auditory bullae present

metatheria (marsupials)

-small braincase

-fenestrated palate

-jugal and squamosal bone articulating with dentary bone

-auditory bullae usually absent

-epipubic bones

-marsupium (pouch)

didelphimorphia (virginia opossum) →didactylus and polyprotodont

notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) (in superorder australidelphia)→ syndactylus and polyprotodont

monotremata

ornithorhynchidae (platypus) and tachyglossidae (echidnas)

-smooth skull

-jugal reduced or absent

-toothless

-reduced dentary bone

-rostrum with electroreceptors

-tympanic ring instead of auditory bullae

-oviparous

-cloaca

paeungulata

“near ungulates”, under afrotheria

-nonruminating herbivores (hindgut)

-molariform tooth replacement

hyracoidea

hyraxes, under afrotheria + paeungulata

-bask to keep warm

-have tusks

proboscidea

elephants, under afrotheria + paeungulata + tethytheria

sirenia

manatees and dugongs, under afrotheria + paeungulata + tethytheria

-fully aquatic

-herbivorous (only marine mammal)

-fusiform body

-no hind limbs (horizontal flat tail)

-paddle-like forelimbs

-no dorsal fin

-no hair

-no external ear

-nostrils at top of rostrum

-rostrum positioned down to feed

-flexible lips

tublidentata

aardvark, under afrotheria + afroinsectiphilia

-unique peg-like molars made of dentine, no enamel, rootless (no incisors/canines)

-elongated skull

-long, sticky tongue

-large salviary glands

-muscular part of stomach that acts like a gizzard

afrosoricida

small african mammals, afrotheria + afroinsectiphilia + afroinsectivora

-cloaca

-zalambdodont molars (v shape)

chrysochloridae

golden moles, in afrotheria + afroinsectiphilia + afroinsectivora + afrosoricida

-external ear canal covered by dense fur

-shiny hair

-fusiform body

-poor eyes covered by skin

-leathery pads on nose

-powerful forearms, large claws

-well developed zygomatic arch (for head support when burrowing)

tenrecidae

tenrecs, in afrotheria + afroinsectiphilia + afroinsectivora + afrosoricida

convergent evolution with eulipotyphla (last 4 on list)

-no auditory bullae

-incomplete zygomatic arch

-small eyes

-long snout

-unspecialized limbs

-some have spines

xenarthra

under atlantogenata

south america (w. hemi)

-xenarthrous vertebrae

-reduced dentition

-low metabolic rates

-large claws

cingulata

armadillos, under atlantogenata + xenarthra

-loss of incisors and canines (cylindrical, homodont premolars)

-keratin/bone armor

pilosa

sloths and anteaters, under atlantogenata + xenarthra

-incomplete zygomatic arch

vermilingua

anteater, under atlantogenata + xenarthra + pilosa

-loss of all teeth

folivora

sloths, under atlantogenata + xenarthra + pilosa

-loss of incisors and canines

-cheekteeth are single rooted without enamel and are always growing

eulipotyphla

shrew/hedgehog/mole-like small mammals

in boreoeutheria + laurasiatheria

-long, narrow, pointed, and usually mobile snouts

-small eyes

-unspecialized limbs

talpidae

moles, desmans, shrew-moles

under boreoeutheria + laurasiatheria +eulipotyphla (2nd branch after solenodontidae)

-fusiform

-smooth fur

-reduced or absent external ear (pinnae)

-powerful forelimbs (rotated outwards)

-elongated ulan and radius

-small eyes

-auditory bullae present

-large upper incisors

-dilambdodont molars

-complete zygomatic arch

-eimers organs (in star nosed mole)

erinaceidae

hedgehog, moonrat, gymnures

under boreoeutheria + laurasiatheria +eulipotypha (3rd branch)

-incomplete auditory bullae

-large upper incisors

-quadrate molars (not tribosphenic)

soricidae

true shrews

under boreoeutheria + laurasiatheria +eulipotypha (4th branch)

-small

-high metabolic rate

-long,pointed rostrum

-dense fur

-no zygomatic arch

-no auditory bullae

-large upper incisors with accessory cusp

-dilambdodont molars (can be red)

-some have venom

-can shrink brain

perissodactyla

“odd toed” ungulates, large herbivores

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata

-mesaxonic foot (symmetry down middle toe with 1 or 3 toes)

-simple stomach (hindgut fermenters)

euungulata

ungulates

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x

-walk with tips of toes that end in hard ketatin hoof (unguligrade)

-reduced toes, lengthened foot

-cursorial

-lack collarbone

-reduced ulna and fibula for less weight in legs

equidae (suborder hippomorpha)

horses, zebras (grazers)

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + perissodactyla

-one functional digit on long thin limbs

-hypsodont and lophodont teeth

-orbit behind toothrow

-facial crest

-long rostrum

rhinocerotidae

rhinos

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + perissodactyla + suborder ceratomorpha

-major conservation concerns

tapiridae

tapirs

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + perissodactyla+ suborder ceratomorpha

-semi aquatic, good swimmers

-flexible snout

-4 digits forefoot and 3 on hind feet

-brachyodont molars

(cet)artiodactyla

“even toed” ungulates, very diverse

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata

-paraxonic feet (symmetry between 3rd and 4th toes (middle))

-double pulley astragulus (restricts lateral movement)

-most have reduced/lacking upper incisors and canines

tylopoda

camels, llamas

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla

-have hump to conserve water in low-water environments

-dromedary (domestic but wild is AUS) and wild bactrian camel (critically endangered in cold areas china/mongolia)

whippomorpha

animals that are in water

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x

-amphibious and fully aquatic

-fusiform bodies

-blubber

-no external ears/genetalia

-flippers and tails

cetacea

whales

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + whippomorpha

-blubber

-no external ears or genetalia

-telescoping of skull

-nares on top of head

mysticeti

baleen whales

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + whippomorpha + cetacea

-no melon (no echolocation) (emit sounds with larynx)

-baleen instead of teeth

-simple nasal passage (paired external nares)

-convex skull

-auditory bullae attached to skull

-sternum is a single bone

odontoceti

toothed whales

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + whippomorpha + cetacea

-homodont teeth

-no tooth replacement

-one external nare (complex nasal passage)

-concave skull

-sternum has 3 or more bones

-echolocate with melon

-isolated ear bones from skull

sunia

pigs/peccaries

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x

-omnivorous

-prominent canines

ruminantia

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x

-ruminant stomach (survive on poor vegetation) (regurgitate and rechew)

-more efficient at pulling out nutrients

antilocapridae

pronghorn antelope

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x + ruminantia (1st branch)

-fast, long distance runners

-evolved for predator that is now extinct (N. Amer)

giraffidae

giraffes and okapi

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x + ruminantia (2nd branch)

-elongated cervical vertebrae (easier to make longer than add evolutionarily)

-long necks for sexual selection (necking) + reaching food

cervidae

deer

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x + ruminantia (3rd branch)

-antlers in most males (some females), bone covered in vascular tissue, females recognize as symbol of male fitness

bovidae

cattle, bison, antelope

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera +x +eungulata + artiodactyla + x + x + ruminantia (4th branch)

-horns in all males (some females), body skull protrusion covered in keratin sheath

-mostly diurnal

pholidota

pangolins (very illegally traded)

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae

-lack teeth

-long, flexible tongue

-large claws

-smooth cranium

-rolls into defensive ball

-myrmecophagy (eats ants and termites exclusively)

carnivora

carnivores, animals that eat meat (some lost this)

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae

-carnassial pair (P4/M1)

caniformia

canine-like

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora

-most carnivorous or omnivorous

-claws dont retract

canidae

dogs and dog-like (ecologically flexible)

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora +caniformia (branch 1)

-large brain

-well developed carnassials

-long rostrum

-elongated last upper premolar

-large sagittal crest

-strong zygomatic arch

ursidae

bears

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora +caniformia (branch 2)

-mostly omnivorous (polar bear=carnivore, panda=herbivore)

-elongated bunodont cheekteeth

-no carnassials (less reliance on shearing)

-last upper molar is elongated (reliance on crushing)

-relatively long rostrum

pinnepedia

walrus, eared seals, earless seals

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora +caniformia (branch 3)

-fusiform

-sexually dimorphic

-varied dental morphology (odobenidae(walrus)=upper canines are tusks, reduced incisors, prg-like cheekteeth: otariidae(seals)=homodont, unicuspid or 3 cusped cheekteeth)

mustelidae

weasels, sea otters, badgers

in boreoeutheria +laurasiatheria+scrotifera + ferae +carnivora +caniformia (branch 4)

-long bodied

-blocky skull

-last upper molar relatively large (dumbell or square shape)

-developed carnassials

feliformia

cat-like

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora

-highly carnivorous

-retractable claws

-double chambered auditory bullae

felidae

cats

in boreoeutheria + laurasiatheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora + feliformia

-solitary or in pairs

-nocturnal mostly

-blunt skull (dorsally rounded)

-tiny last upper molar

-well developed carnassials

-barbed tongue (made with keratin)

-retractable claws (except cheetah)

hyenidae

hyenas and aardwolf

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + ferae +carnivora +feliformia

-bone crushing lineage= carrion feeding, strong mandibles, large sagittal crest

-dog-like= insectivorous, reduced cheekteeth, papillae on tongue

-non retractable claws

chiroptera

bats

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x

-wings (patagium made of skin and supported by elongated fingers)

-tail (uropatagium) made of skin

-agile flight aided by flexible scapula and wing

-elbow and wrist joint allow wing folding/unfolding

-highly vascularized membranes (thermoregulation)

-echolocation (in most)

pteropodidae

fruit bats, megabats, flying foxes

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera + yinpterochiroptera

poor fossil record, tropics and subtropics

-cant echolocate

-simple ear (no tragus)

-simple snout

-claw on second digit

-no vertebral fusion (except sacrum which is in all bats)

-reduced or absent tail and uropatagium

-large body

-premaxillae well developed

-mostly unfused nasal branches

-small palatal branches

behavior: frugivores, some nectarivores, disperse seeds very far, island species likely diurnal

rhinolophidae

horseshoe bats

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera + yinpterochiroptera

tropics and subtropics but can be temperate

-small/medium size

-large nose leafs

-large ears without tragus

-inflated rostrum

-four canines from birth (help cling to mother who has pubic nipples as attachment points)

-fused presternum

-some ribs

-some vertebrae fused (for stationary echolocation, gleaning)

-poorly developed hind limbs

-low aspect ratio wings

-dilambdodont molars

-premaxilla with palatal branches (no nasal branches)

behavior: nocturnal, insectivorous

yangochiroptera

bats

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera

-modified inner ear may facilitate echolocation

yinpterochiroptera determined by genes

emballonuridae

sac winged, sheath tailed

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera + yangochiroptera (branch 1)

uncertain phylogenetic placement (tropics and subtropics)

-small size

-no tragus

-no nose leaf

-no facial wrinkles

-sac shaped glands in wings (pheromones involved with attracting mates and territoriality)

-dilambdodont molars

-premaxillae lack palatal branches

-unfused nasal branches

behavior: polygynous, nocturnal, roost in tree/cave/human structure (more exposure and light than other bats), subtropic species may hibernate, insectivores/frugivores

phyllostomidae

new world leaf nosed bats

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera + yangochiroptera (branch 2)

south & central america (some in north)

-small to medium

-nose leaf in most species (species without have prominent projection)

-tragus present

-skull and tooth morphology highly variable (because of high variation in diets)

-premaxillae complete (fused to each other)

-palatal branches that isolate two palatal foramina

behavior: varying diets

vespertillionidae

vesper bats, common bats

in boreoeutheria +scrotifera + x + chiroptera + yangochiroptera (branch 3)

worldwide distribution, 2nd largest mammal family (only bats in N. Amer)

-small

-simple face, no nose leaf

-small eyes

-well developed tragus that varies in size and shape

-no premolars

-dilambdodont molars

-extensive uropatagium

-tail extends to or beyond uropatagium

-separate premaxillae

-no palatal branches

behavior: nocturnal, insectivores (some fishing bats or bats that catch birds), roost in caves/trees, some hibernate/migrate, maternity colonies often