Behavior and Parasomnias, Sleep Oscillations, and Memory Consolidation

Practice fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering NREM and REM parasomnias, diagnostic criteria, dream neuroimaging, PET activation patterns, and cellular/molecular mechanisms of sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

A disorder characterized by unusual nervous system activity during sleep is known as a __________.

Parasomnia

Parasomnias that are defined as abnormalities of the sleep state and categorized by state (NREM and REM) are termed __________ parasomnias.

Primary

Parasomnias caused by other organ systems and categorized by the specific system involved are termed __________ parasomnias.

Secondary

Primary parasomnias demonstrate that sleep and wakefulness are not mutually exclusive states, as state-determining characteristics can occur simultaneously or __________ rapidly.

oscillate

Confusional arousals are explained by an intrusion or mixture of wakefulness and __________ sleep.

NREM

Phenomena such as cataplexy, lucid dreaming, and REM behavior disorder are explained by a mixture of wakefulness and __________ sleep.

REM

Primary parasomnias frequently occur during state transitions because a __________ number of neural networks and neurotransmitters must change synchronously.

large (Lrg)

Disorders of arousal are the most common of the NREM parasomnias, occurring predominantly during Stage 3 and 4 in the __________ of the night.

first third

NREM disorders of arousal are not caused by external factors such as fever, alcohol, or stress, but rather are __________ by them.

primed

Confusional arousals are characterized by movements, thrashing, or inconsolable crying and have an estimated adult prevalence of $4\%$.

Confusional

Sleep walking has a childhood prevalence of approximately $9\%$ and peaks at $11\text{--}12$ years of age.

Sleep walking

NREM episodes characterized by a sudden scream followed by panic and major or violent motor activity are known as sleep __________.

terrors

While treatment for NREM parasomnias is usually not necessary, scheduled non-pharmacological interventions include __________ awakening.

anticipatory

The most common REM parasomnia, characterized by a lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep and vivid striking dreams, is __________.

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) occurs in approximately $90\%$ __________ and typically has an onset age of $50+$ years.

males

Acute RBD is often caused by substance withdrawal, especially from alcohol, or is __________ (induced by medical treatment), especially from antidepressants.

iatrogenic

The majority of patients with idiopathic chronic RBD will eventually develop a neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease or __________ disease.

Lewy body

In idiopathic chronic RBD, dream-enacting behaviors may precede parkinsonian or motor symptoms by __________ years.

$$10+$$

RBD is linked to damage in the dopamine ($\text{DA}$) system and occurs in approximately $\sim 45\%$ of patients with __________ disease.

Parkinson's (PD)

Stereotyped rhythmic movements such as head banging, body rocking, or limb oscillations occur in __________ Movement Disorder.

Rhythmic

A poorly understood secondary sleep parasomnia that can occur during NREM or REM and lacks effective treatment is sleep-related expiratory __________.

groaning

In the neuromodulatory sleep-wake pathway shown, the sleep-active hypothalamic nucleus that sends inhibitory projections to wake-promoting centers such as the TMN, LC, and Raphe is the __________.

VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus)

During REM sleep, regional cerebral blood flow ($\text{rCBF}$) is significantly decreased in the __________ cortex compared to waking.

prefrontal

During REM sleep, structures showing higher regional cerebral blood flow ($\text{rCBF}$) than in wakefulness include the pons, the hippocampus, and the __________.

amygdala

The amygdala plays a role in the shift to REM sleep, duration of REM, and the selective processing of __________ memories.

emotional

In dream neuroimaging, visual components are almost always present, whereas auditory components occur in approximately $40\text{--}60\%$ of dreams, and movement/tactile sensations occur in __________.

$$15\text{--}30\%$$

During dreaming, __________-activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with bizarreness, odd stimulus-response relationships, and amnesia for the dreams.

hypo

The hypothesis proposing that the ordered succession of NREM followed by REM sleep is necessary for optimal memory consolidation is known as the __________ Hypothesis.

Sequential

The hypothesis proposing that REM and NREM sleep modulate distinct, different types of memories is called the __________ hypothesis.

Dual Process

In this anatomical cross-section of the hippocampal formation, the internal c-shaped subregion labeled in pink is the __________.

Dentate gyrus

In the hippocampus, __________ rhythm occurs during active exploration and REM, synchronizing input into the hippocampus.

theta

Hippocampal sharp waves ($\text{SPWs}$) occur during immobility, eating, resting, and __________ sleep.

slow-wave sleep (SWS / stages 3 and 4)

As shown in this physiological experiment, a long-lasting increase in the slope of the EPSP following high-frequency tetanus stimulation defines __________.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

During hippocampal replay in post-training SWS and REM, the __________ pattern of neuronal firing from wakefulness is faithfully maintained.

sequence

The dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex facilitates the gradual shift of memories from the hippocampus to the __________.

cortex (ctx)

Cortical excitation spreads to the hippocampus during sleep via sleep spindles and __________ waves.

delta

Donald Hebb described memories as a distribution of activity across cell networks, leading to the phrase 'neurons that fire together, __________ together.'

wire

Neuronal ensemble reactivation carrying temporal relationships from wakefulness into sleep is strongest and most stable during __________.

SWS (slow-wave sleep)

Applying slow oscillations with magnetic stimulation during SWS has been shown to enhance __________-dependent memory.

hippocampus (HC)

Consolidation of spatial tasks involves a shift in activation from the hippocampus to the __________.

striatum

Consolidation of motor memory involves an activation shift from the cerebellum to the __________.

basal ganglia

At the molecular level, memory mechanisms at synapses require an influx or increase of __________ ions.

$$Ca^{2+}$$

Complementary consolidation roles show that memory recall (reactivation) occurs mainly during SWS, whereas memory storage via plasticity-related genes occurs during __________.

REM

In the radioactive in situ hybridization experiment shown, mRNA expression of the activity-dependent immediate-early gene __________ is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus during REM sleep following novel experience.

zif-268