BIO50B- Lab 10

What is endocrine gland?

Ductless glands that produce Hormones and lack ducts

What is a neuroendocrine organ?

Hypothalamus - since it has neural and hormone fnx

What is a negative feedback loop

Regulation that keeps a CONSTANT internal condition

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Thermostat -

Body temp rises = Sweating takes places

Body temp lowers = Shivering

What does the pancreas secrete?

Secretes hormones to regulate blood-glucose levels

What is the hormone secreted found in pancreas?

Pancreatic islets

What are Beta Cells

Secrete the hormone insulin

-Reduce blood glucose levels

What are alpha cells

Secrete hormone glucagon

-Raise blood sugar

What cells are being displayed in this image

Pancreatic Islets

What are insulin and glucagon?

Antagonistic hormones that maintain glucose homeostasis

The Pancreas has clusters of what?

endocrine cells called “Islets of langerhans”

-Alpha cells produce glucagon

-Beta cells produce insulin

Beta cells secrete the hormone ____

Insulin

-They are MORE numerous

Alpha cells secrete hormone ____

Glucagon

-They are less numerous

What do delta cells secrete

Somatostatin

• Inhibits GH

What are Acinar cells?

Outside of pancreatic islets

• They produce enzyme-rich digestive juices

What can the Pancreas be activated through

Humoral stimulus

Neural Stimulus

Hormonal Stimulus

What does Humoral stimulus do for pancreas?

Blood Glucose - Directly sensed from islet cells, and paracrine response

What does Neural stimulus do for pancreas?

Dual innervation from para. And symp divisions

What does hormonal stimulus do for Pancreas?

GH binds Delta Cells in N.F.L to make somatostatin

Medulla of Adrenal glands fnx:

Neural stimulus by ANS releases:

• Epinephrine

• Norepinephrine

What is fnx of cortex of adrenal glands?

Hormonal stimulus by hypothalamus, kidney or heart

• Glucocorticoids

• Sex steroids

Humoral Stimulus directly into Zona Glomerosa

• Mineralocorticoids

What is the mark referring to? (Use marking above Q mark)

Capsule

What is the mark referring to?

Zona glomerulosa

What is the mark referring to?

Zona fasciculata

What is the mark referring to?

Zona reticularis

What is the mark referring to?

Adrenal Medulla

What is the mark referring to?

Cortex

What is the mark referring to?

Medulla

What hormone is secreted in Zona Glomerulosa

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)

• Balance minerals in blood

What hormone is secreted in Zona Fasciculata?

Cortisol and Cortisone (Glucocorticoids)

• Long term stress / inflammation

What hormone is released by Adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What hormone is released in Zona reticularis?

Androgens (weak) - Gonadocorticoids

• Made into sex hormones

What is the mark referring to?

Fibrous capsule

What is the mark referring to?

Zona glomerulosa

What is the mark referring to?

Zona fasciculata

What is the mark referring to?

Zona reticularis

What is the mark referring to?

Medulla

What is the mark referring to?

Central adrenomedullary vein

What is a chromaffin cell?

Neurosecretory, release hormones in response to ANS

What is the mark referring to?

Chromaffin cells

What is the mark referring to?

Medulla vein

What is the mark referring to?

RBC’s

What is the mark referring to?

Sympathetic preganglionic cells

What does NE/E activate?

Short-term stress responses

Sympathetic activation (short-term) via NE/E:

• Hypothalamus communicates

• Direct neural connection

• Sympathetic division of ANS → to adrenal medulla

• Releases NE/E

Cortisol is what?

• Lipid Soluble

  • Steroid

• Made in significant quantities

Has both Chronic Emergency responses and Normal condition responses

Cortisol is normally regulated from what?

Hypothalamus

• Therefore tied to circadian-clock cycles

Circadian - Clock Cylce:

Hypothalamus signals A. Pit.

ACTH stimulates Zona Fasciculata

Cortisol release by Adrenal cortex

What is this diagram displaying?

Circadian - Clock Cylce

What does Cortisol promote?

Gluconeogenesis

• Promotes fat breakdown

• Promotes protein breakdown

What does cortisol help stimulate? - Strong B.P.

What would Long-term stress response of cortisol cause?

Chronic elevation B.P.

Starvation - state stress

Immune system/ inflammatory response is suppressed

Hydrocortisone treats what?

Inflammation

Long term stress can lead to what from suppression of immune system?

Type II Diabetes

Aldosterone has control over ?

Na+/K+ balances

• B.P. Control

• Water movement (kidneys)

• Electrolyte Balance

Excessive Gonadocorticoid secretion from ZR can what?

Masculinize female sex characters

• Weak androgens are converted to testosterone

Ovaries produce what?

Estrogen and Progesterone

Estrogen is produced by what?

Graafian follicles

Progesterone is secreted by what?

Corpus Luteum

What is the mark referring to?

Follicular cells

What is the mark referring to?

Ooctye

What is the mark referring to?

Primary follicle

What is the mark referring to?

Granulosa cells

Where is testosterone secreted by?

Testes

• Causes development of male sex characteristics

• Needed for production of sperm

What is the mark referring to?

Spermatozoa

What is the mark referring to?

Spermatogonia

What is the mark referring to?

Spermatoctyes

What is the mark referring to?

Leydig cells

What is the mark referring to?

Basement membrane

What is the mark referring to?

Pancreas

What is the mark referring to?

Duct

Pancreas endocrine fnx?

• INsulin/ glucagon

• blood glucose

Pancreas exocrine fnx?

Digestive enzymes

What is the mark referring to?

Adrenal Gland

What is the mark referring to?

Kidney