MGMT 340 Exam 1 (9/29/26)

What are manager’s and what are their functions?

Managers are people who achieve goals through other people…they

• make decisions

• direct activities of other people to attain goals

• allocate resources

Functions INCLUDE: planning, organizing, controlling, and leading

What are some manager roles?

Manager skills include?

Technical skills: ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise

Human skills: ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups

conceptual skills: Mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations

What is Intuition?

gut feelings, individual observation and commonsense

What are the contributing disciplines to the OB Field?

psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology

what is psychology?

The science that seeks to measure, explain and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals

what is sociology?

The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings

what is social psychology?

an area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another

What is anthropology?

the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities

How to manage workplace diversity?

• embracing diversity

• changing U.S

• recognizing and responding to differences

Diversity categories include: gender, disability, age, race, national origin, non-Christian, domestic partners

OB Model?

A model is OB is an abstraction of reality, a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon

What is surface level diversity?

Difference in easily perceived characteristics (gender, age, ethinicity, etc.) that do NOT necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but that may activate certain stereotypes

what is deep-level diversity?

Difference in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people to know one another better

what are some forms of discrimination?

What are biographical characteristics?

personal characteristics-age, gender, race/ethnicity, disabilities, and tenure-that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records

what are the dimensions of intellectual ability?

• number aptitude

• verbal comprehension

• perceptual speed

• inductive reasoning

• deductive reasoning

• spatial visualization

• memory

what are the 9 physical abilities?

what are attitudes?

eveluative statements or judgements (either favorable or unfavorable) concerning objects, people, or events.

Attitude components include: cognitive, affective ,and behavioral

what is the cognitive component of attitudes?

the opinion or belief segment of an attitude (evaluation)

what is the affective component of attitudes?

the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude (feeling)

what is the behavioral component of attitudes?

an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something (action)

what is cognitive dissonance?

any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes

ppl want to reduce this gap or “dissonance”…desire to reduce dissonance depends on

• importance of elements creating dissonance

• degree of individual influence over elements

• rewards involved in dissonance

what are the different type of attitudes?

• job satisfaction

• job involvement: THE JOB ITSELF…identifying with the job, actively participating in it and considering performance important to self-worth

• organizational commitment (EX: loyalty to Costco)

• perceived organizational support (POS): degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being

• employee engagement: individual involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the ORG

how do employees express their dissatisfaction within a company?

• exit

• voice: active and constructive attempts to improve conditions

• loyalty: passively waiting for conditions to improve

• neglect": allowing conditions to worsen

What are emotions?

Affect: a broad range of emotions that people experience

Emotions: intense feelings that are directed at someone or something

Moods: feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus

What days of the week affect your mood?

Positive moods = highest at end of the week and in the middle part of the day

Negative moods = at the beginning of the week and show little variation throughout the day

What is emotional labor?

a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (EX: a server at a restaurant)

what is the difference between felt and displayed emotions?

Felt: an individuals actual emotions

displayed: emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job

What is personality?

personality = a dynamic concept describing the growth and development a persons whole psychological system

• the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others

Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

• extrovert or introvert ( E or I)

• sensing or intuitive (S or N)

• thinking or Feeling (T or F)

• Perceiving or judging (P or J)

  • INTJs are visionaries

  • ESTJs are organizers

  • ENTPs are conceptualizers

The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

• Extroversion: sociable, gregarious, and assertive

• Agreeableness: good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

• conscientiousness: responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

• Emotional Stability: calm, self-confident, secure under stress (+) VS nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (-)

• Openness to Experience: curious, imaginative, artistic and sensitive

Major personality attributes influencing OB

What are values? Terminal and instrumental value?

Values= mode of conduct of end state is personally or socially preferable

• Terminal values: desirable end states of existence (goals that a person would like to achieve during their lifetime)

• Instrumental values: preferable ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

What is the personality-job fit theory?

Identifies six personality types and proposes that

the fit between personality type and occupational

environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Personality types

• realistic

• investigative

• social

• conventional

• enterprising

• artistic

Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions

• Power distance: extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed equally

  • low distance: relatively equal power….HIGH distance: extremely unequal power distribution

• Individualism V. Collectivism

• masculinity v feminity

• Uncertainty avoidance: extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambigous situations and tries to avoid them

• Long-term orentation V short term orientation

  • LT = national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift and persistence

  • ST= national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now

what is perception?

process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

what is the attribution theory?

our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state.

• causation judged through

  • distinctiveness

  • consenus

  • consistency

what are some frequently used shortcuts in judging others?

• Contrast effects: evaluation of a person’s characteristics

  that are affected by comparisons with

  other people recently encountered who

  rank higher or lower on the same

  characteristi

• Halo Effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single

characteristic

• Stereotyping: judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs - a prevalent and often useful, if not always accurate, generalization

what are the rational decision-making steps?

what are the 3 components of creativity?

• Intrinsic task motivation = desire to do the job

• expertise = foundationg

• creative thinking skills = personality characteristics

what are the key elements of motivation?

• direction: toward a benefitical goal

• intensity: how hard a person tries

• persistence: how long a person tries

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

hierarchy of 5 needs

• physiological

• safety

• social

• esteem

• self-actualization

As each need is satisfied, the next becomes more dominant

Lower-order Needs: needs that are satisfied externally; physiologial and safety needs

Higher-order needs: Needs that are satisfied internally; social,esteem, and self-actualization needs

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X: managers see workers as having little ambition, disliking work, avoiding responsibility

Theory Y: managers see workers as self-directed, enjoying work, and accepting responsibility

Herzberg’s 2 factor theory

Hygiene factors (extrinsic and related to DISSATISFACTION)

• salary

• work conditions

• company policies

Motivators (Intrinsic and related to Satisfaction)

• achievement

• responsibilities

• Growth

McClelland’s Theory of Needs

• need for ACHIEVEMENT

• need for AFFILIATION

• need for POWER

Bottom line: individuals have different levels of needs in each of these areas, and those levels will drive their behavior

what is the self-determination/cognitive evaluation theory?

Providing an extrinsic reward for behavior that

had been previously only intrinsically rewarding

tends to decrease the overall level of motivation.

EX: reading in the summer for fun but when reading is assignment for a grade you don’t want to do it!!

what is the goal setting theory

specific and difficult goals with self-generated feedback, lead to higher performance

what is the equity theory?

Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes

with those of others and then respond to eliminate

any inequities.

Employees compare their ratios of outcomes-to-

inputs of relevant others.

Choices for dealing with inequity:

1. change inputs (slack off)

2. Change outcomes (increase output)

3. distort/change perceptions of self

4. distort/change perceptions of others

5. choose a different referent person

6. leave the field (quit the job)

Job characteristics model :)

Identifies 5 job characteristics and their relationship to personal and work outcomes

• skill variety

• task identity

• task significance

• autonomy

• feedback

What is telecommuting

employees do their work at home at least 2 days a week on a computer that is linked to their office

what is employee involvement?

a participative process that uses the input of employees to increase their commitment to the organizations success

Participative management: subordinates share a significant degree of decision making power with their immediate superiors

Representative Participation:

Works councils

• Groups of nominated or elected employees who must be

consulted for any personnel decisions

Board representative

• An employee sits on a company’s board of directors and

represents the interests of the firm’s employees

what are the diff types of pay programs?

Piece Rate:

• Workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production

completed

Merit-Based:

• Based on performance appraisal ratings

• Gap increasing between average and top-performers

Bonuses:

• Rewards employees for recent performance

Profit Sharing:

• Organization-wide programs that distribute compensation

based on some established formula designed around a

company’s profitability

Gain Sharing:

• An incentive plan in which improvements in group

productivity determine the total amount of money that is

allocated

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)

• Company-established benefit plans in which employees

acquire stock as part of their benefits