CWC - Recognition - Unit 2

Christendom

When: 6th to 10th Century AD, Where: Christian Europe, About: A civilization united by Christianity that developed across much of medieval Europe, where the Church played a central role in politics, culture, and daily life. It helped create a shared religious identity among many European kingdoms despite their political differences.

Feudalism and Manorialism

When: 9th to 12th Century AD, Where: Western and Medieval Europe, About: 1 - A social and political system in which land was exchanged for military service and loyalty, creating relationships between kings, nobles, and knights. This structure helped provide protection and order in medieval Europe when central governments were weak. 2 - An economic system centered on self-sufficient estates where peasants worked the land in exchange for protection and the right to live there. Most people in medieval Europe lived and worked within this local agricultural system.

Holy Roman Empire

When: Started in 800 AD, Where: Rome, About: A collection of central European territories ruled by an emperor and closely connected to the Catholic Church. It lasted for centuries and played a major role in the political and religious life of medieval Europe, especially in what is now Germany, Austria, and northern Italy.

Islam

When: 7th Century AD and on, Where Arabia and Mecca, About: A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century in Arabia that teaches belief in one God and guidance through a sacred scripture. It spread rapidly across the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond, becoming one of the world's major religions and contributing greatly to science, philosophy, mathematics, and culture during the medieval period.

Qur’an

When: 7th Century AD, Where: Mecca, About: The holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to contain the revelations given by God through the prophet Muhammad. It serves as the primary source of religious guidance, law, and moral teachings for Muslims around the world.

Penance

When: 11th-13th centuries AD, Where: Western Europe, About: Acts such as prayer, fasting, or service that were performed to show sorrow for sins and seek forgiveness from God. In medieval Christianity, it was an important part of spiritual life and the process of reconciliation with the Church.

Crusades

When: 11th-13th centuries AD, Where: Europe, the Middle East, and the Holy Land, About: A series of military campaigns launched by European Christians, largely to gain control of sacred lands in the Middle East. These conflicts increased contact between different cultures and had lasting religious, political, and economic effects on Europe and the Islamic world.

Excommunication

When: 5th-15th centuries AD, Where: Europe and the broader Christian world, About: A severe Church punishment that excluded a person from participating in the sacraments and other aspects of religious life. During the Middle Ages, it was used to enforce Church authority and could have major social and political consequences.

Scholasticism

When: 11th-14th centuries AD, Where: Universities of Western Europe, especially France, England, and Italy, About: A method of learning that used logic, debate, and reason to better understand religious beliefs and other subjects. It became the dominant intellectual approach in medieval universities and helped shape education throughout Europe.

Babylonian Captivity

When: 14th Century, Where: Avignon, France, About: French Kind abducts the pope, then the papacy is moved to France and multiple popes are being presented for a while.

Little Ice Age

When: 14th - 16th Century, Where: Global, Northern Hemisphere, About: Global cooling caused cold winters and wet summers affecting the crops and growing.

Fall of Constantinople

When: 1453, Where: Constantinople, About: Ottoman troops stormed and took over the last of the Roman Empire.

Michelangelo

When: Late 15th - Mid 16th, Where: Rome, About: Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet widely considered one of the greatest artists of the High Renaissance. Alongside his contemporary and rival Leonardo da Vinci, he epitomized the archetype of the "Renaissance man" through his mastery across multiple creative disciplines.

100 Years War

When: 14th - 15th Century, Where: France, About: A war between England and France, caused the rise of nationalism and nobles losing power.

Joan of Arc

When: Early 15th Century, Where: France, About: Young girl that had visions and led France to get momentum back in the 100 yrs war. She was betrayed and handed over to England and then executed.

Petrarch

When: 14th Century, Where: Italy, About: Father of Humanism, introduced Ad Fontes, used humanism as the guiding principal of the Renaissance.

Doctrine of Discovery

When: 15th Century, Where: Created in Rome but kinda everywhere, About: Concept that allowed European Christian empires to claim sovereignty, land, and resources from Indigenous peoples across the globe.

Sola Gratia

When: -, Where: -, About: Solely grace, all authority is to grace from God.

95 Thesis

When: 1517 AD, Where: Germany, About: A planned debate that never happened. It was made by Martin Luther supposed to be about Indulgence, helped ignite the Protestant Reformation.

John Hus

When: Mid 14th - Early 15th, Where: Germany, About: John Hus was a Czech religious reformer and preacher in the early 1400s who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reforms based on the Bible. He was declared a heretic and burned at the stake in 1415, but his ideas later influenced the Protestant Reformation.

Diet of Worms

When: 1521 AD, Where: Worms, Germany, About: Martin Luther was told he needed to recant for his heresy, he refused to. He is outlawed because of this.

Sola Scriptura

When: -, Where: -, About: Solely scripture, all authority is to scripture.

Peasants’ War

When: 1524 - 1525 AD, Where: Germany, About: The largest and most widespread popular uprising in Europe before the French Revolution. It involved hundreds of thousands of peasants, farmers, and lower-class townspeople across the German-speaking regions of the Holy Roman Empire.

Act of Supremacy

When: 1534 AD, Where: England, About: Broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church. A decision made by the Parliament of England, it make the head of the church the king or the English monarch.

Menno Simons

When: Early 16th Century, Where: Netherlands, About: He was a second generation anabaptist reformer. Focused on simplicity of life service, and pacifism.

Puritans

When: 16th and 17th Century, Where: England, About: English protestants within the reformed Calvinist tradition who sought to purify the Church of England of remaining Roman Catholic practices.