450 W exam 2

What is embezzlement?

Stealing money or property entrusted to you.

What is insider trading?

Trading stocks using important, nonpublic information.

What is a Ponzi scheme?

Using new investors' money to pay earlier investors.

What is bribery?

Offering or accepting benefits to influence someone's actions.

What is money laundering?

Making illegal profits appear legitimate.

What are the three stages of money laundering?

Placement, layering, and integration.

What is price-fixing?

Competitors secretly agreeing on prices.

What is state crime?

Illegal or harmful actions committed by government officials or institutions.

How did Sutherland (1941) define white-collar crime?

Crime committed by high-status people during their occupations.

What is organized crime?

An ongoing criminal enterprise that profits from illegal activities.

What are examples of organized crime activities?

Loan sharking, murder, bootlegging, price-fixing, trafficking, fraud, and political corruption.

Why is organized crime difficult to prosecute?

Hidden leadership, witness intimidation, complex networks, and replaceable members.

What did Al Capone use laundromats for?

To help disguise illegal earnings as legitimate business income.

What is the compliance system for white-collar crime?

Regulatory agencies, inspectors, and auditors monitor organizations for violations.

What are problems with white-collar crime enforcement?

Complex evidence, difficulty proving intent, limited investigative resources, and corporate collateral damage.

What is human trafficking?

Exploitation for labor or commercial sex through force, fraud, or coercion.

What are five human trafficking risk factors?

Poverty, homelessness, childhood trauma, isolation, and displacement.

What are common trafficking coercion methods?

Violence, threats, deception, debt manipulation, and document confiscation.

What are the five policing eras?

Colonial, Political, Professional Model, Community Policing, and Homeland Security.

What characterized the Colonial policing era?

Watch systems, early uniformed officers, and slave patrols.

What characterized the Political policing era?

Police were closely connected to politicians and political parties.

What characterized the Professional Model era?

Professionalism and efforts to reduce political influence.

What characterized the Community Policing era?

Community partnerships, problem-solving, and evidence-based policing.

What characterized the Homeland Security era?

After 9/11, increased focus on terrorism and police militarization.

What does SARA stand for?

Scan, Analyze, Respond, Assess.

What is broken windows theory?

Disorder may encourage further disorder and crime.

What are crime hot spots?

Small geographic areas where crime is concentrated.

What is crime mapping?

Using geographic data to identify crime patterns and locations.

What is community policing?

Police and community members work together to solve problems.

What did lecture say about community policing effectiveness?

Some support exists for foot, bicycle, and horse patrols, but effects may fade over time.

What is police militarization?

Police use of military equipment, tactics, and approaches.

When did police militarization intensify?

After September 11, 2001, during the Homeland Security era.

What did lecture say about military equipment and crime?

Military equipment acquisition does not, by itself, reduce crime.

What is collateral damage from militarized policing?

Potential civilian casualties, increased violence against police, and disproportionate impacts on poor and minority communities.

What is the Jacob Wetterling Act (1994)?

Established federal requirements for state sex offender registration.

What did Megan's Law (1996) require?

Public access to sex offender registry information.

What did the Pam Lychner Act (1996) establish?

A federal database to track sex offenders.

What did the PROTECT Act (2003) address?

Child exploitation and online access to state sex offender registries.

What is SORNA (2006)?

A standardized sex offender registration and notification system.

What are the three SORNA tiers in the lecture notes?

Tier 1: 10–15 years; Tier 2: at least 25 years; Tier 3: lifetime.

What is the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)?

Prohibits certain restraints of trade and monopolistic practices.

What did the 1906 Food and Drug Act address?

Adulterated or misbranded food and drugs.

What did Sarbanes-Oxley (2002) do?

Improved corporate accountability and financial reporting transparency.

What did Dodd-Frank (2010) do?

Reformed financial regulation after the 2008 financial crisis.

What is the Volstead Act (1920)?

Enforced Prohibition under the Eighteenth Amendment.

What does the Hobbs Act address?

Robbery or extortion affecting interstate commerce.

What did the Bank Secrecy Act (1970) do?

Requires financial records and reports to help detect money laundering.

What is RICO (1970)?

Allows prosecution of patterns of racketeering linked to criminal enterprises.

What did the Alien Prostitution Importation Act (1895) address?

Importation of foreign women for prostitution.

What is the Mann Act (1910)?

Addressed interstate transportation for prostitution and specified immoral purposes.

What did the 1933 international convention address?

Trafficking in women of full age.

What did the 1949 trafficking convention address?

Trafficking in persons and exploitation of prostitution.

What did the 2000 UN Trafficking Protocol establish?

An international framework for trafficking prevention, prosecution, and victim protection.

What are CoSA's two main dimensions?

Support and accountability.

What is the CoSA core member?

The person with a criminal conviction who is reintegrating into the community.

Who are CoSA volunteers?

Community members who provide support and accountability.

What is the goal of CoSA?

Support community reintegration and help prevent reoffending.

What are Fox's (2014) two dimensions of reintegration?

Support and accountability.

What was the main idea of Fox (2014)?

Community relationships can help offenders reintegrate and stop offending.

What is the CoSA motto?

Often expressed as "No one is disposable"

What was the main outcome asked about in Richards et al. (2020)?

Re-arrest rates for CoSA participants were less than those not involved in the program

What should you know from Blagden and Winder (2019)?

intervention more effective in the community than prison

Why funnel bribes through a fake charity?

To disguise payments, obscure transactions, create legitimacy, and potentially claim improper tax deductions.

Who was Ross William Ulbricht?

Creator and operator of Silk Road, known online as Dread Pirate Roberts.

What was Silk Road?

An online black market used to trade illegal drugs and other goods.

What graduate degree did Ulbricht earn?

From Penn State

How can analytics help fight human trafficking?

Identify patterns, analyze networks, and allocate resources effectively.

What was the 1033 program?

A program transferring excess military equipment to law enforcement.

What did Delehanty et al. (2017) study?

Relationships between military-equipment transfers and police killings.

What was a key finding of Delehanty et al. (2017)?

Greater military-equipment receipt was associated with more civilian killings by police.

What three dependent variables were examined by Delehanty et al. (2017)?

Number of civilians killed, change in civilian deaths, and number of animals killed by police.

What state and federal trafficking conviction rates did Mercelo (2019) report?

federal 80% and state 45%

What did Nolan (2019) examine?

Police militarization, when it began, and the racial composition of people most likely killed; specific findings need verification.