Native and Colonial Notes

Colonial Government was what and voting was limited to whom?

• Limited Self-Government

  • Elected legislative assemblies

  • Governors

• Voting

  • Limited to adult males educated and/or property owners (White)

Southern Colonies?

• Maryland (1634)

• Virginia (1607)

• Carolinas (1663)

  • North Carolina (1729)

  • South Carolina (1729)

• Georgia (1732)

Education was limited due to?

People are focusing more on agriculture

Maryland

• Lord Baltimore established colonies for Catholics

• Act of Toleration (1649)

  • Toleration of all Christian Sect

  • Death to those who denied Jesus

• Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

Carolinas

• North Carolina

  • Tobacco plantations

  • Well-established autonomy

• South Carolina

  • Rice plantations

  • Became heavily dependent on slavery

Colonials Economics were what?

• Land was “gold”

• No established monetary system (gold and silver)

Transportation was through?

• River and coasts

• Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services

New England economics?

• Having limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, and trading

Middle Colonies economics/agriculture

• Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade

Southern Colonies economics

• Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor

Slavery

• Indentured servitude

• Labor shortages lead to importing slave

• Cheap labor

• Dependable work force

• New York “Conspiracy” - 1741

• Slave laws

Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion was when and where?

1739 and South Carolina

European Colonization

• Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into America

• Relations with natives

Spain developed what system?

• Encomienda system and asiento system

Pilgrims were?

• Separatists (of the church of England) to Holland then head for Virginia

• Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters

Settlers in 1620 decided to remain and establish what town?

Plymouth

Europe was the growth of what nations and started what?

• Renaissance (rebirth)

• Growth of Nation- States (England,France, Spain, Portugal)

• Protestants Reformation and Religious Wars

Protestants Reformation and Religious Wars (what are the split religions now)

• Lutheranism

• Calvinism - predestination

• Church of England aka Anglican Church

• Catholic Counter - Reformation 

Colonial American Culture

• Becoming American

  • Pragmatism

• Dominance of English culture

• Folkways

  • Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies

Small pox was brought from Europe into the Colonies which causes?

• Most Native Americans would not have the medicine/antibodies and would have died and been wiped out villages.

Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans

(1630) John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” (meaning a model in society)

Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams

(1636) “Wall of separation” (separating religious and government affairs)

Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson

 (1638) Antinomianism (a view that rejects law or legalism against moral, religious, and social norm)

Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker 

• (1636-1637)

American Social Structure (hierarchy) was what?

• 
  

  • Wealthy landowners

  • Merchants

  • Small Farmers

  • Craftspeople

Kids had an Opportunity in the colonies to what?

• Less Dependent on heredity 

• Meaning that their children would be able to choose what they wanted to do (men)

Men in the colonies were…

• Patriarchal society, landowners, workers (in charge of work)

Women in the colonies were…

• Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities limited to no political rights (in charge of household)

• Could not vote and have an opinion 

Massachusetts was under strict government laws/lifestyle called

Puritanical lifestyle (strict religious devotion)

Religious toleration and dissent lead to what?

Rhode Island

Halfway Covenant (was an attempt for what?)

• attempt to increase members of the church

Salem Witch Trials

• (1692-1693)

• Cotton Mather 

• Spectral Evidence 

Education in the colonies were run by who?

• Education by mothers 

• Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools

Georgia

• James Oglethorpe established in 1732

  • Social experiment

• Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida

• Debtors colony

The First English Colonies

• First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585

• First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

  • John Smith - “he that will not work shall not eat”

  • John Rolfe - Tobacco (easy to grow and sell)

New Amsterdam transferred to what?

•  Duke of York in 1664 to become New York

Lands taken from New York to establish?

• New Jersey by 1702

Middle Colonies developed?

• Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and trade

• Education by private or churches 

Delaware was created by?

• Pennsylvania (1702)

England becomes a superior naval power due to and causes…

the Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588

Population increases 

• Joint-stock companies develop

England also had Religious conflicts divide the nation (England Catholic Nation)

• King Henry the 8th forms new religion to the church of England

• Weak monarchs, civil war, and revolutions

Natives in the America’s were

Nomads

Agriculturally-based (maize/corn)

• Hopewells/Mississippians

  • Mountbuilders

• Iroquois 

  • Iroquois Confederacy 

Colonial Religion

• Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration

• Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and denominations viewed as bizarre

The Great Awakening (1730-1740s)

• Over time, economics became prominent over religious conviction 

• Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God” 

• George whitefield

• Development of evangelism and individual faith

Corporate Colony

• Granted a charter to stockholders

• Ex. Virginia

Proprietary Colony

• Granted a charter to individual or group

• Ex Maryland Pennsylvania

Royal Colony 

• Under the direct control of the monarch

• Ex. New Hampshire

• Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts 

Dominion of New England

• (1686-1689)

• Established by King James II to consolidate colonies

• Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey

• Governor Edmund Andros 

• Dissolution 

Architecture of colonies

• Early colonies centered around a church

• Urban structures typical of English structures

• Frontier log cabins

• Painting

Portrait painters and landscapes

• Literature

• Religious sermons, political essays, and non-fiction books

• Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin (Richard Saunders)

• Columbian Exchange 

• Widespread of exchanging plants, animals, diseases and other things between the New World and to the Old World 

• Has both positive and negative outcomes which spread more plants and animals to the new world but also transferred diseases killing many villages

• Pennsylvania

• William Penn Establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681)

• Religious Society of Friend, aka Quakers

• Holy Experiment

• Religious refuge

• Liberal political ideals

• Economic success 

• Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

• Mercantilism and Triangle Trade

• Colonies for the Mother Country

• Acts of Navigation

  • Trade on English ships

  • Imports pass English ports

  • Exports to England

• Triangle Trade

  • Middle Passage 

• Mayflower Compact

• Unanimous passed by Plymouth Colonies 

• Bares witness to the law and creates the law that governs the Plymouth Colonies

• If not follow law, you can get send back to England

• Colonial Culture - Education and Information

• Learning 

  • Prominent in New England colonies

  • Education limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores

• Newspapers 

  • Limited content on weekly basis

  • John Peter Zenger case (1735)

Immigration

• 
  

  • 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775

  • Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate

  • Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil

  • English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish Irish, Dutch, Swedish ← Old Immigrants

  • Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

• Virginia had what body of government and became?

• House of Burgesses in 1619

  • First legislative assembly in the colonies

• Becomes royal colony in 1624

• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

• 
  

  • Inequities between large landowners and Western farmers

  • Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley

• Headright System

• 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrants

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

  • First Written constitution in America

• New England Confederation (1643-1684)

• Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven

• King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)

• New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance 

Southern Colonies were made up of which

•  Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina Georgia

Middle Colonies were made up of which

• Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey

New England colonies were made up of which

• New England Colonies - Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

Southern Colonies Origins and push/pull factors

• Settler Origins: Mostly English, German, Scottish

• Push Factors: Economic depression in the woolen trade, Population surplus (why they were pushed out of England)

• Pull Factors: Economic opportunity. There was initially the promise of gold… but then cash crop agriculture (why they would pull towards settling)

Advantage and disadvantage of geographic location of Southern Colonies

• the colonies is they had lakes and oceans and rivers for crops and more agricultural land economically, also had harsh environments and diseases.

• Geographic Characteristics of Southern Colonies

• Excellent wetland, full of riverways, and bays

• Climate is warm with plenty of rain

• Soil is excellent for farming and growing season is long

• Swampy location of the Chesapeake was a breeding ground for diseases

• And Jamestown was located in the heart of Powhatan lands

Jamestown struggled to survive early on! Why?

(Since they came to a New world with the clothes on their back and have to build shelter/find food/deal with natives)

People of Southern Colonist were looking for and failed due to?

Gold:(had none) Colonists failed to plant crops and faced major starvation

Powhatan Confederacy

• Tribe people weren’t happy that New England settlers tried taking land and “owned land"

• 1622 Powhatans uprising killed 147 Jamestown colonist

What does John Smith do after Powhatans pillaged their village?

•  take control and force colonists to farm (instead of finding gold), and negotiate with nearby Powhatans Indians and have a treaty.

John Rolfe introduces what?

a hybrid form of tabacco 

Due to tabacco required large amount of land did this lead to?

More conflict with the Powhatans Indians over land.

The Southern colonies became agriculturally focused: What crop did the southern colonies farmed?

• Maryland and Virginia tobacco

• The Carolinas: Rice and indigo

Later Cotton

What state protects the Carolinas from the French and Spanish haven for the imprisioned?

Georgia

Headright System was exchanging…

• Land in exchange for settlers paying their own way

(Indentured Servant) typically poor men who agreed to work for 4-7 years in the colonies

What state becomes prestigious and the biggest colony and becomes a Royal colony? Why did it become one?

Virginia

Becomes a Royal colony because of the King giving the governor of the colony power and oversee trade and approve laws and dismiss colonial assembly

• Colonial Council and Colonial Assembly

• Govonor appointed by King of England

  • Council is appointed by Gov. Highest court in Colony advisors to Gov

  • Assembly is elected by landowners and authority to tax paid of gov Salary

• Virginia House of Burgesses 

• Colonial Capital of Virginia

• In 1619, Virginia colonist created a legislative assembly to create local taxes and laws

• The Virginia House of Burgesses became the first legislative assembly in North America

In the Southern Colonies what type of Christianity where there?

• Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinist, Scottish Presbyterians

Maryland was a haven for whom due to?

• haven for Catholics discriminate in England

• Religious tolerance born more out of convenience that conviction

• Religion did not play as a great role in the Southern colonies as it did in New England.

Why did religion did not play out as good as in England?

• Because Southern Colonies more concerted with economic growth

• Farms and plantation were far from each other so it was hard to go to church

Hiearchy In Southern Colonies

• The plantation gentry dominated society and the House of Burgesses

• Yeomen Farmers; first men who lived on modest farms; many lived on the edge of poverty

• Indentured servants were often mistreated and cheated out of land (were white men of England and got people to pay for them and had to work to pay off the debt)

• African Slaves

• Bacon’s Rebellion cause and began what?

• Causes of rebellion is due to tobacco price fall, lack of land, high taxes, lack of available land, no government help

• Bacon and followers make war on native Americans for their land

• Also begin looting wealthy white plantations

Importance of Bacon’s Rebellion

• Demonstrates that indentured servitude is not working

• Once they become free, indentured servants want things - freedom, rights, money

• Colonists need a source of labor that won’t give problems or become potential economic competition. 

Thereforth Slavery of Africans

Slaves in Southern Colonies

• White and Black Migration to VA (Virginia growth was due to indentured Servitude

• The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown 1619

• Most slaves were taken from Mid-South Africa to the South and North Americas for trade.

• New England Colonies origins and Push/pull factors

• Settler Origins: mostly English, Puritans 

• Push factors: Religious Persecution; Separatists from the Church of England (Pilgrims vs. Puritans)

• Pull factors: Religious freedom

• What are the advantages/disadvantages of geographic location? New England colonies

The climate and rocky terrain limited agriculture but fostered a diverse economy based on maritime trade and industry.

The region's close proximity to the sea and abundant forests provided key resources for shipbuilding and trade. 

• Geographic Characteristics of New England Colonies

• Cold Winters and mild summers

• Soil is generally rocky making farming difficult

• Good harbors

• Fish rich waters

• Vast timber resource

Economic characterstics of New England colonies

lack of farming opportunities (Subsistence farming-small family farms) and strongly focused on based around the sea: shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, and trade

Why was it easier for export items in the New England Colonies?

Due to the ships able to export items from England and to other colonies

What were the major exports of the New England colonies

• fish, whale products, ships, furs, rum, whisky

Mercantilism Theory and benefits for New England

• All 13 colonies operated under the mercantilist theory which believes that colonies are meant to provide raw materials to the mother country (England) and to act as a market for manufactured good 

• New England colonies benefited most from this system. (Due to resources of surplus/goods that weren’t on sale shipped to England)

New England Colonies produced what?

• gold silver, and fur and lumber and food stuffs and traded manufactured goods to England

• How Mercantilism played out in the colonies

• Navigation Laws: 

• Buy more from England than you sell her

• Don't trade with other countries

• Don't trade with other colonies

• Good can only be transported using British ships

• Only sell enumerated goods (goods considered essential to England’s wealth) to Britain 

• (A strict system that colonies had to abide)

Navigation Law were what?

strict laws that colonies had to abide from New England and couldn’t trade with other parties but England and goods were transported through British ships and sold goods that were considered for Englands wealth and were strict.

Navigation laws would lead to…

People smuggling

Britain more or less winked at this law-breaking

• Boston quickly became largest single port outside of Great Britain itself