Chapter 7 Patho Altered Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation

Proliferation

generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent cells)

Differentiation

orderly process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function

stem cells

highly undifferentiated cells

proliferation, differentiation, stem cells

what is the impact of cancer on the cell?

Neoplastic cells ignore genetic controls which results in autonomy and anaplasia

how does cellular proliferation and differentiation get altered?

autonomy

excessive cellular proliferation

anaplasia

loss of cellular differentiation

neoplasm

abnormal/excessive growth of a tissue

malignant neoplasm

cancer

carcinogenesis

origin and development of cancerous neoplasms, 5% of cancers are inherited, 95% of cancers are acquired

radiation, hormones, chemicals, tobacco, microbes

what are the types of gene mutations that affect cell growth and division?

Mutator genes, oncogenes, tumor supressor genes

What are the 3 types of genetic mutations of neoplasms?

mutator genes

repair DNA and protect genome

oncogenes

code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation

tumor suppressor genes

prohibit over proliferation of cells an regulate apoptosis

Gene variants

inherited differences in genes that are not mutations, but can affect cell growth and division

turn genes on and off, DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA interference

what do epigenetic changes do and what are the 3 types?

Initiation

exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent

promotion

a promoter agent activates

progression

independent growth

autonomy, anaplasia, benign tumors, malignant tumors

What are the 4 impacts of cancer on tissues, organs, and organ systems?

benign tumor

noncancerous, there but does not damage the area around it, localized

malignant tumor

cancerous, damages area around tumor, proliferates rapidly, metastasizes (spreads)

autonomy

unregulated proliferation of neoplasm

anaplasia

loss of cell differentiation and function

local spread, diret extension, seeing, metastasis (spread from origin), tropism (cancer spreading to specific organs)

what are the types of cancer spread?

lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), fever, anorexia (loss of appetite due to chemo), cachexia (weight and muscle loss), palpable mass, los of tissue function

what are the general manifestations of cancer?

history and physical examination, imaging studies (radiographs, endoscopic, ultrasound, CT, MRI), biopsy and cytology studies, tumor markers, other blood, urine, and tissue tests

what are the diagnostic tests for cancer?

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormones, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplant, palliative care

what are the treatments of cancer?