UTK Arch 211 (Theory) Midterm Exam

Stonehenge

prehistoric building started 3000 BC Location: Near Salisbury, United Kingdom Significance: Shows a hierarchy with the stone placement and types of stone. Shows an understanding of the rotation of the sun, used as a clock. Also gave an idea of trade as rocks were outsourced.

Prehistoric City

Prehistoric built around 7400 BCE to 5200 BCE Location: Catalhoyuk, Present day Turkey Significance: Shows a need for society and how burial rituals were important in the society. Burials took place in the common space of the house, under the flooring. Shows distinction of areas with cooking ashes, with Clean and Dirty Areas.

Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct of Djoser

Ancient Egyptian Location: Saqqara Date: c. 2670-2650 BC Architect: Imhotep Significance: First pharaoh to develop a building

Pyramid of Khufu

Ancient Egyptian, around 2450 BCE Location: Gizeh Significance: Was one of the first times the pharaoh was put inside of the pyramid instead of underneath. Made of local limestone. Khufu wanted to be seen as one of the gods and have everyone notice him, so he was buried in the middle of the pyramid, called "The rising of Khufu", behaving more like the sun. These pyramids show a deep understanding of True North and Polar Stars to create perfect right angles in the pyramid.

Mortuary precinct of Hatshepsut

Ancient Egyptian Location: Deir el-Bahri, Egypt Date: between 1479 BCE and 1458 BCE Significance: It associates the ritual FROM the burial. This was NOT her burial spot like other pharaohs, due to grave robbery. Also as the first KNOWN female pharaoh, depictions of her in statue form were there depicting her with a beard like a male pharaoh. Placed in front of cliff to use as a way to make the scale larger without building more.

Parthenon

Classical Greek Architecture Location: Athens Dates: around 447 BC and 432 BC Architects: Iktinos and Kallikrates Significance: shows a deep understanding of the curvature of the eyes. Also a deep understanding of illusions to make the building look taller than it is by using curved features., such as columns. Also follows Doric Order. Used optical refinements to create an illusion to make the building look refined due to its size.

Propylaia

Gateway to the Acropolis Classical Greek Architecture Date: around 437 and 432 BC Architect: Mnesikles Significance: It created a sense of order as it would separate the religious and secular areas from eachother. Left unfinished, building is also bent like Parthenon. Story of Perikles talking to Athena to save his worker.

Erectheion

Classical Greek Architecture Location (city): Athens Built between 421 and 406 BCE Architect: believed to be Mnesikles six sculpted marble maidens hold up the south porch roof as columns that helps put people in dialog with the gods. Marks the spot of the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the patronage of Athens.

Temple of Apollo

Hellenistic Greek Architecture, location: Didyma (Turkey). Dedicated to Apollo, emphasized symmetry and proportion. It was built on an elevated platform and has an entrance porch and inner sanctuary. Steps all around with 6 columns on the front, elevated position on a mountain to create a landmark feel and statement of roman power.

Temple of Jupiter

Anxur Location: Terracina (Italy) Significance: Was once known to be about the Greek kings .Is used for important events such as seen as a place for law (court of law). It was inspired from the Greek world. Used rubble-faced concrete platforms with rubble and brick container technology. Created an architectural landscape with terraces on top, and curved arched passageways underneath. The main temple on top is placed at an angle to create hierarchy.

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

Location: Palestrina (Praeneste on antiquity, in Italy) Significance: Started to incorporate view into the architecture. Shows an interest in other cultures. The use of coffering which was a series of boxes that indented the concrete to create a concrete arch, a less heavy vault.

Temple of Portunus (also known as the temple of fortuna)

Location: Rome Significance: Used Ionic columns which caused problems because ionic columns are seen as feminine while the temple was created for a masculine figure. Starts to show a relationship between architecture and gender. Also shows a growth from the past world while still taking inspiration from it.

House of the Vettii

Pompeii, Central atrium with peristyle garden surrounded by columns. Shows wall sculptures, decorated rooms, and shows wealth and social status. Was most likely lived in by a lawyer and had private living spaces but also open spaces for guests to build connections and establish importance.

Forum of Augustus

Location: Rome, Public square built by Emperor Augustus. Designed around the Temple of Mars Ultor and was built to celebrate his military victories and reinforce the authority of the new Roman Empire. Had a large rectangular courtyard paved in marble. Enclosed by stone walls and housed statues of famous roman leaders to link Augustus to Rome's heroic past.

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)

Location: Rome

Commissioned by Emperor Augustus and dedicated to peace and prosperity brought by his rule. It is an open-air ceremonial enclosure. Has carved marble walls decorated with political propaganda and religious symbolism celebrating Augustus and the Roman Empire.

Octagon Room (a key feature in the Esquiline wing) of the Domus Aurea (also known as Nero's Golden House)

Location: Rome Significance: within the Octagonal room, there is a good use of concrete to create a dome shape, where light can pass into an opening in the adjacent rooms. This created a sense of drama while composing a use of voids and solids.

Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater

Location: Rome Significance: During the Flavian dynasty, the colosseum displayed Rome's patrio tism as well as their architectural and engineering prowess. Uses a mix of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian pilasters. Created a system of gates to help people get to their seats, which we still use today in our stadiums.

Forum of Trajan/Column of Trajan

Designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, has an open courtyard surrounded by colonnades, libraries, Basilica Ulpia, and the Column of Tajan at the center. The Column of Trajan is 40 meters high, made of marble, and decorated with spiral relief that shows Trajan's military campaigns in Dacia. It is also Trajan's tomb.

Pantheon

Location: Rome Significance: Had an Oculus, which created a "Dome of Heaven" Agrippa's version was later replaced by Hadrian's version. Icon of Mary with the child from 609 BC when emperor Phocas allowed conversion of the Pantheon into Santa Maria and martyrs

Canopus and Serapeum at Hadrian's Villa

Location: Tivoli, Italy Inspired architects of the Canopus: Damascus and Apollodorus Significance: Created the Canopus and Serapeum. Created a hydraulic system for water entertainment within the Canopus. Wanted an island enclosure to have a get away from the people. Apollodorus.

Five-Column Monument on the Rostra or the Tetrarchic Column Monument

Location: Rome

Ceremonial monument associated with the Tetrarchy, the system of rule by 4 emperors. Had 5 tall columns placed on a raised platform with statues of the emperors above, and was highly visible during political gatherings, showing unity and legitimacy of the Tetrarchic government.

Arch of Constantine

Location: Rome. Arch built to commemorate Emperor Constantine's Victory at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Features three arched passageways with Corinthian columns with relief sculptures. Many of its decorative elements were reused from earlier imperial monuments, which linked Constantine and celebrated emperors of Rome.

Basilica of Constantine, Basilica of Maxentius

Location: Rome Significance: Was first the Basilica of Maxentius, later became the basilica of Constantine. It was a reconstructed Colossus. Its scale and location made it a focal point for the Roman Forum.

Old St. Peter's

Location (city): Rome or Vatican City Early Christian church built under Emperor Constantine, over the traditional burial site of Saint Peter. Center of Christian pilgrimage, followed basilica plan with central nave and side aisles, with a transept and apse. Also has a large atrium and mosaics and marble.

Church of Santa Sabina

Location: Rome Early Christian basilica, long central nave with side aisles and Corinthian columns and semicircular apse. Clerestory windows create an open space and natural light with symmetry.

Church of Santo Stefano Rotondo

Location: Rome Built in 5th century Rome, circular plan inspired by Roman architecture, strong sense of symmetry and unity, surrounded by rings of columns and aisles.

Hagia Sophia

Architects: Anthemius of Tralles & Isidore of Miletus Location: Constantinople = Istanbul Built in Constantinople in the 6th century under Emperor Justinian, Byzantine architecture. Has a centralized dome design with Basilica plan. The central dome appears to float above the interior due to curved arches and pendentives. Has 4 marble piers and mosaics that create a spiritual and acoustic experience.

Church of San Vitale

Location: Ravenna (Italy) Built in the 6th century, Byzantine architecture, it has centralized octagonal design centered around a domed space. Emphasizes verticality and light and has contrast from interior and exterior with plain brickwork on outside and marble, mosaics (gold, glass or colored rock), and columns on inside. Has mosaics with Emperor Justinian I and Empress Theodora inside. Central plan with the entrance off axis for emphasis and possibly unsettling feeling that is corrected once you reach the actual building.

Monastic Church (Katholikon) of Hosios Loukas

Location: Stiris (Greece) Dedicated to Saint Luke the Younger, cross in square plan with central octagonal dome and decorative brickwork and stone patterns. The interior has mosaics, marble, and frescoes (murals) with vaults and domes. Has religious, residential, and ceremonial spaces.

Umayyad Mosque

Location: Damascus (Syria) Constructed under Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid, built on the site of Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. The mosque still contains a shrine that holds the head of St. John the Baptist, which is used as a connection to Muslims and Christians. Hypostyle plan with rectangular courtyard and spacious prayer hall with columns. Has 3 minarets (towers that call for prayer) and has a central nave leading to the mihrab, which shows direction of prayer towards Mecca. Has glass mosaics, and combines a lot of Christian architecture to create a transition into Islam from Christianity.

Great Mosque

Location: Córdoba (Spain) Built under Abd al-Rahman, constructed on site of former Visigothic Church of St. Vincent, and has a hypostyle prayer hall with columns supporting double-tiered horseshoe and semicircular arches. It has a large courtyard and minaret, with mihrab with mosaics, marble, and motifs. Also combined Islam and Christian architecture traditions.

architrave

the horizontal beam supported by columns.it is the lowest horizontal part of a Classical entablature

cornice

the uppermost section of a wall that caps it as a projecting element

Doric order

a system of coordinated columns in which the fluted columns are not supported by bases, the capital consists of a simple bowl-like form, and the entablature features a plain architrave supporting a row of triglyphs alternating with metopes, capped by a cornice.

entablature

The upper, horizontal part of a Classical order supported by columns comprising architrave, frieze, and cornice

frieze

A horizontal band, often decorated with sculptural reliefs, belonging to an entab lature or a horizontal decorative band that ornaments a wall.

Ionic order

One of the Classical orders of architecture, the Ionic is characterized by volutes (scroll-shaped elements) in the capitals.its columns are supported by basesand there is a continuous frieze usually containing relief sculptures.

metope

In the frieze of the Doric order, a metope is the rectangular area between the triglyphs occasionally it is left plain but sometimes it is decorated with sculptural reliefs.

mihrab

the prayer niche located in the mosque's wall that faces in the direction of Mecca

minaret

a tower attached to a mosque used for the call to prayer, which is called out by the human voice.

order of architecture

A system for the forms and relationship of elements in the column and entablature of Classical architecture according to the Doric and Ionic modes.

pediment

A triangular front of a Classical building, typically resting upon columns. Pediments can also be found above doors and windows.

qibla

literally means the direction of prayer, indicating the orientation toward Mecca. In mosque architecture, the qibla wall indicates the directionality of prayer.

spolia

refers to the reused architectural elements that have been placed in newer con texts.literally, it is the Latin term for "spoils" in the plural.

triglyph

In a Doric frieze, the projecting block marked by vertical grooves (glyphs) between the rectangular metopes are known as triglyph