AT 6 READING 1 - PASSAGE 1

The history of

Lịch sử của... | Collocation: the history of art/childhood | Syn: background, past | Ex: The history of childhood has been widely studied.

a heated topic

Chủ đề gây tranh cãi gay gắt | Collocation: a heated topic of debate | Syn: controversial issue, hot topic | Ex: Child labor remains a heated topic in social history.

concept

Khái niệm, quan niệm | Struct: concept of sth | Collocation: key concept | Syn: idea, notion | Ex: Aries claimed childhood is a modern concept.

debated issues

Các vấn đề được tranh luận | Collocation: intensely debated issues | Syn: disputed topics | Ex: Whether childhood is a recent invention is one of the most debated issues.

miniature

Tí hon, thu nhỏ | Collocation: miniature version, miniature adult | Syn: tiny, scaled-down | Ex: Children were historically regarded as miniature adults.

intellect

Trí tuệ, khả năng tư duy | Collocation: human intellect | Syn: intelligence, mind | Ex: Medieval adults assumed children had the same intellect as grown-ups.

imply

Ngụ ý, hàm ý | Struct: imply that + clause | Syn: suggest, hint | Ex: His words implied that children needed no special protection.

scrutinize

Xem xét kỹ lưỡng | Struct: scrutinize sth for sth | Collocation: closely scrutinize | Syn: examine, inspect | Ex: Historians scrutinized medieval paintings to find evidence.

correspond to

Tương ứng với, phù hợp với | Struct: correspond to sth | Syn: match, align with | Ex: The idea of childhood corresponds to awareness of children's nature.

distinguish from

Phân biệt với | Struct: distinguish A from B | Syn: differentiate from, tell apart | Ex: This feature distinguishes the child from the adult.

forsaken

Bị bỏ rơi, ruồng bỏ | Struct: be forsaken by sb | Syn: abandoned, deserted | Ex: Children were not necessarily forsaken in medieval times.

confuse with

Nhầm lẫn với | Struct: confuse A with B | Syn: mistake for, mix up with | Ex: The concept of childhood should not be confused with affection.

encourage

Khuyến khích | Struct: encourage sb to do sth | Syn: urge, motivate | Ex: Older children were encouraged to leave home for apprenticeships.

force to

Ép buộc làm gì | Struct: force sb to do sth | Syn: compel to, oblige to | Ex: Many young kids were forced to work long hours in factories.

enforce

Thi hành, bắt tuân thủ | Collocation: enforce a law, enforce rules | Syn: implement, impose | Ex: Governments had to enforce laws protecting young workers.

reinforce

Tăng cường, củng cố

reinforce a belief/structure

Syn: strengthening, bolstering

Ex: Modern schooling plays a role in reinforcing positive behavior.

apprentice

Người học việc, học nghề | Collocation: trade apprentice | Syn: trainee, intern | Ex: Young boys left home to work as an apprentice for a craftsman.

a demand for

Nhu cầu cho cái gì | Struct: a growing demand for sth | Syn: need for, requirement for | Ex: Industrialization created a huge demand for cheap labor.

interfere

Can thiệp, cản trở | Struct: interfere with sth | Syn: hinder, disrupt | Ex: Exhausting labor would interfere with children's normal growth.

reform

Sự cải cách / Cải cách | Collocation: social reform, factory reform | Syn: improvement, overhaul | Ex: Factory reforms led to safer working conditions for youth.

reformer

Nhà cải cách | Collocation: social reformer | Syn: campaigner, activist | Ex: Social reformers protested against child labor exploitation.

systematic

Có hệ thống, có phương pháp | Collocation: systematic study/approach | Syn: methodical, structured | Ex: They conducted a systematic study on child growth.

monitor

Giám sát, theo dõi | Struct: monitor sth closely | Syn: track, supervise | Ex: Doctors began to monitor how deprivations affected child development.

deprivation

Sự thiếu thốn, tước đoạt | Struct: deprivation of sth | Collocation: sleep deprivation | Syn: hardship, lack | Ex: Early physical deprivation damaged many young factory workers.

working condition of

Điều kiện làm việc của... | Collocation: poor working conditions | Syn: work environment | Ex: Reformers pushed to improve the working conditions of factory children.

signify

Biểu thị, đánh dấu | Struct: signify that + clause | Syn: indicate, mark | Ex: The Act of 1833 signified the emergence of legal protection for children.

the emergence of

Sự xuất hiện / sự trỗi dậy của... | Collocation: the emergence of new technologies | Syn: rise of, appearance of | Ex: The 19th century saw the emergence of compulsory mass schooling.

exploitation

Sự bóc lột, khai thác bất chính | Collocation: child exploitation | Syn: abuse, unfair treatment | Ex: Laws were enacted to protect children from economic exploitation.

associated with

Gắn liền với, liên quan tới | Struct: be associated with sth | Syn: linked to, connected with | Ex: Legal protection was associated with the rise of schools.

appropriate

Phù hợp, thích đáng | Struct: appropriate for/to sth | Collocation: appropriate instruction | Syn: suitable, proper | Ex: Teachers select instruction that is appropriate for each age group.

eliminate

Loại bỏ, xóa bỏ | Struct: eliminate sth from sth | Collocation: eliminate child labor | Syn: eradicate, abolish | Ex: The worst forms of exploitation were gradually eliminated.

redundant

Dư thừa, không còn cần thiết | Struct: make/render sth redundant | Syn: unnecessary, obsolete | Ex: Economic shifts rendered certain forms of child labor redundant.

the form of

Hình thức / dạng của... | Struct: in the form of sth | Syn: type of, manifestation of | Ex: Child labor existed in the form of factory work.

the influence of

Ảnh hưởng của... | Struct: the influence of sth on sth | Syn: impact of, effect of | Ex: The influence of trade unions changed employment policies.

initiate

Bắt đầu, khởi xướng, nhập môn | Struct: initiate sb into sth | Syn: start, launch, introduce to | Ex: Initiating children into hard work was no longer a priority.

minority

Bộ phận thiểu số | Struct: minority of sth | Collocation: privileged minority | Syn: small group | Ex: Education moved from being for a privileged minority to all children.

a phase of

Một giai đoạn của... | Collocation: an extended phase of | Syn: a period of, a stage of | Ex: Childhood is understood as a phase of dependency and learning.

dependency

Sự phụ thuộc | Struct: dependency on sb/sth | Collocation: extended dependency | Syn: reliance, helplessness | Ex: Childhood evolved into a longer period of dependency on adults.

the delay of

Sự trì hoãn / sự chậm lại của... | Struct: the delay of sth | Syn: postponement of, deferral of | Ex: The delay of full-time work allowed youth to study longer.

controversial

Gây tranh cãi | Collocation: controversial concept | Syn: disputed, contentious | Ex: The "useful child" became a controversial concept in recent years.

engage in

Tham gia vào, dính dáng vào | Struct: engage in sth/doing sth | Syn: participate in, take part in | Ex: Millions of children around the world still engage in child labor.

privilege

Đặc quyền, đặc ân | Struct: a privilege to do sth | Collocation: special privilege | Syn: special right, advantage | Ex: Going to school is no longer a privilege for the rich only.

be expected to

Được kỳ vọng / dự kiến làm gì | Struct: be expected to do sth | Syn: be anticipated to, be supposed to | Ex: All children are expected to spend their day in classrooms.

be supposed to

Được cho là / có nhiệm vụ làm gì | Struct: be supposed to do sth | Syn: be meant to, be required to | Ex: Schools are supposed to protect children and shape their minds.

seperate from

Tách biệt khỏi... | Struct: separate A from B, be separate from sth | Syn: isolate from, detach from | Ex: Children's lives were separated from the adult world of work.

institution

Cơ quan, tổ chức, thể chế | Collocation: educational institution | Syn: organization, establishment | Ex: School became an institution dedicated to shaping young minds.

moral

Đạo đức (n) / Thuộc về đạo đức (adj) | Collocation: moral values, moral behavior | Syn: ethical, principle | Ex: Schools help shape the moral principles of young people.

dominate

Thống trị, chiếm ưu thế | Struct: dominate sth/sb | Collocation: dominate waking hours | Syn: control, govern | Ex: Schooling came to dominate the management of children's waking hours.

the management of

Sự quản lý / điều hành cái gì

Collocation: the management of time

Syn: administration of, control of

Ex: Education took over the management of children's daily time.

attach to

Gắn liền với, coi trọng

attach importance to sth

Syn: connect to, assign to

Ex: High importance was attached to parental involvement in schooling.

parental

Thuộc về cha mẹ | Collocation: parental involvement, parental care | Syn: motherly/fatherly | Ex: Schools emphasize the importance of parental involvement in learning.

pose a challange for

Đặt ra / gây ra thử thách cho... | Struct: pose a challenge for sb/sth | Syn: present a difficulty to | Ex: Rapid urbanization poses a challenge for child welfare providers.

welfare

Phúc lợi, sự an sinh | Collocation: child welfare, social welfare | Syn: well-being, prosperity | Ex: Modern societies focus heavily on protecting children's welfare.

in the light of

Dựa trên, xét theo, cân nhắc tới | Struct: in the light of sth | Syn: considering, taking into account | Ex: Children are organized into groups in the light of their age.