BIO 213 Chapter 10

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2, using light energy.

What are the two pathways of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions

Light-independent reactions/Calvin cycle.

What are the main parts of a chloroplast?

Outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid lumen, and grana.

What is the stroma?

The fluid-filled area of the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs.

What is a thylakoid?

An internal membrane sac where the light-dependent reactions take place.

What is the thylakoid lumen?

The space inside a thylakoid where H+ protons accumulate.

What are grana?

Stacks of thylakoid membranes.

What is the CO2 fixation pathway called, and where does it occur?

The Calvin cycle; it occurs in the stroma.

What does CO2 bind to during the Calvin cycle?

the 5-carbon molecule RuBP.

What enzyme catalyzes the binding of CO2 to RuBP?

Rubisco.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate.

What does NADP stand for?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

What does RuBP stand for?

Ribulose bisphosphate.

What does PGAL stand for?

Phosphoglyceraldehyde.

What does LDH stand for?

Lactate dehydrogenase.

What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates.

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?

In the thylakoid membrane.

What do the light-dependent reactions produce?

ATP, NADPH, and O2.

What does the Calvin cycle use?

CO2, ATP, and NADPH to make carbohydrates.

What are the low-energy and high-energy molecules in the Calvin cycle?

PGA is low energy; PGAL is high energy.