Phys Unit 2

Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?

a. T3

b. thyroxine

c. corticosterone

d. DHEA

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

a. cortisol

b. aldosterone

c. testosterone

d .estrogen

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which hormone MUST bind to a cell membrane receptor?

calcitonin

PTH

All hormones from the ______________ are considered steroids.

adrenal cortex

What correctly describes the transport and receptor mechanism for lipid-soluble hormones such as steroids and thyroid hormones?

They require a binding or chaperone protein for transport and generally bind to intracellular receptors

what hormone targets the breast?

prolactin

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary?

a. androgens

b. estrogens

c. follicle stimulating hormone

d. luteinizing hormone

e. C and D are correct

e. C and D are correct

All hormones released from the pituitary gland are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus. T/F

false

This image represents the hypothalamus regulation of the

neurohypophysis

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) differs from the anterior pituitary in that it:

Functions as a neural extension of the hypothalamus, storing and releasing hormones made in hypothalamic cell bodies

The endocrine disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood is

acromegaly

What are the targets of antidiuretic hormone?

kidneys

blood vessels

Identify the missing hormones, 1 and 2, in order.

thyrotropin releasing hormone

thyrotropin

Which hormone targets bone, specifically?

PTH

Calcitonin

What statement accurately describes the regulation of blood calcium levels by the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) targets the kidneys and bone to increase circulating blood calcium

What activity is consistent with the major function of insulin?

glycogenesis

In the context of the pancreas, how do Alpha and Beta cells differ in their response to blood glucose levels?

Alpha cells secrete glucagon to increase glucose; Beta cells secrete insulin to decrease glucose

Identify the missing hormone

inhibin

Which peptide hormone inhibits spermatogenesis?

inhibin hormone

Which hormone is RELEASED due to varying concentrations of nutrients or ions in the bloodstream (humoral feedback)?

a. insulin

b. aldosterone

c. PTH

d. calcitonin

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

What are some effects of chronic cortisol secretion?

a. gluconeogenesis

b. decreased muscle mass

c. hyperglycemia

d. vasoconstriction

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which is a metabolic effect of epinephrine hormone?

a. glycogenesis

b. increased skeletal muscle metabolism

c. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle

d. lipolysis

e. all of the above

f. B, C, and D

f. B, C, and D

Which hormones increase circulating nutrient levels in the bloodstream?

a. insulin

b. glucagon

c. cortisol

d. epinephrine

e. all of the above

f. B, C, and D

f. B, C, and D

What disorder is a hyposecretion disorder?

a. Addison's disease

b. diabetes insipidus

c. type 2 diabetes mellitus

d. all of the above

e. A and B only

e. A and B only

Which disorder is a hyporesponsiveness disorder?

a. Addison's disease

b. pituitary dwarfism

c. type 2 diabetes mellitus

d. all of the above

e. A and B only

c. type 2 diabetes mellitus

Why must peptide and protein hormones, such as growth hormone or insulin, generally be administered via injection rather than orally?

They would be broken down and inactivated by the digestive process

Which hormones are involved in the RESISTANCE phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

a. epinephrine

b. dopamine

c. cortisol

d. aldosterone

e. all of the above

f. C and D

f. C and D

A person is diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and her T3, T4, and TSH levels all measure lower than normal. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

secondary hypothyroidism

Which hormone is regulated by feedback of nutrients or ions (humoral feedback)?

parathyroid hormone

The hormone that decreases osteoclast activity and lowers plasma calcium is

calcitonin

Which hormone would be expected to increase if you were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch?

glucagon

After consuming a banana split, which hormones would be expected to increase?

a. insulin

b. calcitonin

c. PTH

d. prolactin

e. A and B

e. A and B

The thyroid axis runs hypothalamus → pituitary → thyroid. What feeds back to shut the loop off?

T3/T4

Hashimoto's (primary hypothyroidism) - An autoimmune attack destroys thyroid tissue. Predict the levels of each hormone using INCREASE or DECREASE. 
Blood T3/T4
TSH
TRH

decrease

increase

increase

The thyroid is healthy but the pituitary can no longer make TSH. Predict the levels of each hormone using INCREASE or DECREASE. 
Blood T3/T4
TSH

TRH

decrease

decrease

increase

This loop has no hypothalamus and no pituitary involvement. What is the actual signal that turns PTH secretion on and off?

Ca++ levels 

humoral feedback 

calcium

PTH and calcitonin pull in opposite directions. PTH _____ blood calcium; calcitonin _____ blood calcium.

raises

lowers

The parathyroid glands are overactive because of a benign tumor,  PTH is continually released.

Blood Ca²⁺ level ____________

Bone calcium content _______

increase

decrease

T2DM is a disorder caused by ______________ of insulin, which causes ______________ regulation of insulin receptors, and ultimately a ______________ to insulin.

hypersecretion

down

hyporesponsiveness

The alarm phase of the endocrine stress response involves secretion of the hormone

epinephrine

The resistance phase of the endocrine stress response involves secretion of the hormones

cortisol and aldosterone

Cortisol's loop has the same three-tier shape as the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis). Put the cortisol (HPA axis) chain in order:

CRH → ACTH → cortisol