Civ Arts Exam 2 Material

Florence in the 15th century

Duomo

Cathedral in Italian

Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise, 1425-1452

Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise, 1425-1452

Brunelleschi, Dome of Florence Cathedral, 1436

Donatello, Lo Zuccone, 1423–1425

Donatello, David, 1430-1432

Masaccio, The Tribute Money, c.1425

Botticelli, Primavera, c. 1478

da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495–1498

da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503–1506

Michelangelo, David, 1501–1504

Michealangelo, Creation of Adam, 1508-1512

Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-1515

Raphael, Portrait of Pope Julius II, 1511

Raphael, School of Athens, 1510-1512

van Eyck, The Annunciation, 1434

van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait, 1437

van der Weyden, Seven Sacraments Altarpiece, 1445-1450

Memling, The Last Judgment Triptych, 1467–1473

Listen to this piece: Josquin, Ave Maria, Virgo Serena, 1502

Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498

Dürer, Knight, Death and Devil, 1513

Cranach, Central Panel from the Triptych of the Weimar Altarpiece, 1555

Titian, Bacchus and Ariadne, 1520-1523

Listen to this piece:

Weelkes, As Vesta Was From Latmos Hill Descending, 1601

Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes, 1597-1598

Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew, 1599–1600

Bernini, Apollo and Daphne, 1622-1624

Rubens, Raising of the Cross, c. 1638

Hals, The Merry Drinker, 1628

Rembrandt, The Night Watch, 1642

Vermeer, The Kitchen Maid, c. 1660

van Ostade, Peasants in an Interior, 1661

Listen to this song: Antonio Vivaldi, The Four Seasons: Spring, 1725

Listen to this song: Bach, Fugue in G Minor, c. 1703–1707

Lorenzo Ghiberti

• 1378-1455

• Florentine Sculpture

Perspective

The art of depicting solid objects on a two-dimensional or shallow surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other.

Linear Perspective

• technique of representing graphically, by means of lines, an object as it appears to the eye, suggesting three dimensions

• based on the proposition that parallel lines at 90 degrees to the field of vision (orthogonals) seem to converge at a vanishing point on the horizon

• developed in early renaissance Italy and remained a central feature of much Western art until the later 19th century

what are the arrows showing here?

Orthogonal lines

Filippo Brunelleschi

• 1377-1446

• Florentine architect and sculptor

• Studied Roman architecture

Vanishing point

where orthogonal lines meet

Horizon

where the earth and sky meet

Donatello

• Florentine Sculpture

• studied classical sculpture

  • Vasari said that he had equaled the sculptures of antiquity

• Supported by the Medici family

• c. 1386-1466

Sandro Botticelli

• Florentine

• Supported by Lorenzo de Medici

• c. 1445-1510

Leonardo di Vinci

• Born in Vinci, near Florence

• renowned painter, sculptor, scientist, engineer, inventor, and architect

• “Renaissance man”

• 1452-1519

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

Themes: Biblical, Classical mythology, portraits of wealthy/aristocracy

• use of perspective

• balance, symmetry, and proportion

• Orthogonal lines: Renaissance art

Sfumato

• “smoky”

• A term used to describe the subtle blending of colors and tones to such an extent that they seem subtly to melt into one another

• Leonardo: “without lines or borders in the matter of smoke.”

Chiaroscuro

the opposite of light and dark in painting and drawing

Aerial perspective

The illusion of distance in landscape painting achieved by making objects paler and bluer the further they are from the viewer

Michealangelo Buonarroti

• 1475-1564

• Born in Caprese, near Florence

• As a boy, visited the stonecutters in a nearby quarry, learning to chisel marble

• Apprenticed with an artist in Florence at 13

• Primarily considered himself a sculptor, but also completed one of the most remarkable feats in art, painting the Sistine chapel ceiling

• first western artist to have his biography published while he was alive

what are the key points of Michealangelo’s David

• carved by Michealangelo while in his mid 20s for the exterior of the Florence Cathedral

• 17 feet tall

• shows David before his battle with Goliath, perhaps at the moment he first sees his foe

• David stands in a relaxed, but resolute contrapasso

• a remarkable naturalism is achieved, with fine details based on Michealangelo’s study of anatomy

• from the neck down, the statue could be a Greek or roman statue, but his face conveys a spiritual force unlike the sculptures from antiquity.

what are the key points about the painting of the Sistine Chapel?

• Michealangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius the II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

• Michealangelo only reluctantly accepted because he considered himself a sculptor, not a painter.

• he stood on scaffolding 70 feet in the air, reaching up to paint the frescos of the ceiling. the project took over 4 years to complete.

• The ceiling is comprised of 343 figures, both clothed and nude, allowing Michealangelo to demonstrate his skill of depicting the human form in a variety of positions.

• the central panels on the ceiling show nine scenes from the book of Genesis, including the creation of Adam.

Key points about Moses

Raphael

• 1483-1520

• From Urbino, Italy

• Spent 4 years in Florence

• worked as a painter for popes in Rome

which element of art does the Renaissance most focus on?

Color

Color

Created by the reactions of the human eye to certain properties possessed by an object when it reflects or emits light

Primary and secondary colors

Primary colors:

• red

• yellow

• blue

Secondary colors:

• orange (red + yellow)

• green (yellow + blue)

• violet (blue + red)

Complimentary colors

• Located directly across the color wheel from each other

• Create a strong contrast

Jan van Eck

• Flemish painter

• Worked in Bruges

• Pioneering use of oil paint

• Minute details of meticulously painted

• c. 1390-1441

Texture

The perceived physical appearance of the surface of an artwork

• actual texture

• implied texture

Josquin des Prez

• Franco-flemish

• Worked in France and Italy for 10 years

• music was widely published due to the printing press

Imitation

• repetition of the melodic contour of one part by another

• “echoing”

• e.g. A round

Albrecht Durer

• Nuremberg → Germany

• Visited Italy twice

• Elevated printmaking to an art

• 1471-1528

Print

an image or design impressed or stamped on a support such as a paper or fabric that can be reproduced in multiples

Woodcut

Engraving

A printmaking technique in which the design is carved into a copper plate. Ink is forced into the resulting grooves and then pressed onto paper.

Triptych

• a picture consisting of three parts, usually a central panel flanked by wings (or shutters).

• which could be closed both for protection of the central image and the limitation of when it could be viewed.

• Triptychs particularly flourished as altarpieces in Germany and the Netherlands in 1300s-1600s

The Counter Reformation

Titian

• Venice

• Versatile painter of mythological and religious scenes, portraits, and landscapes

• Influential painter of the known for his work as a colorist

• 1488/1490-1576

Thomas Weelkes

• Elizabethan musician and composer

• famous for his madrigals

Madrigal

• a secular, polyphonic, unaccompanied song that became popular during the Renaissance.

• Although madrigals originated in Italy, we typically think of the madrigals that were written in England in the 16th-17th centuries.

The Triumphs of Oriana

• Book of 25 English madrigals by different composers

• Dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I

• Each madrigal ends with the line “then sang the shepherds and nymphs Diana, long live fair Oriana”

Text painting

• Compositional device in which the music reflects the meaning of the text

• A common feature of the madrigals

Baroque

Characteristics of Baroque Art

Caravaggio

• born in Milan but worked primarily in Rome

• known for the psychological intensity of his scenes

• Took chiaroscuro to such an extreme that a new term was coined to describe his work, “tenebrism”

Chiaroscuro

• the opposition of light and dark in painting and drawing

• tenebrism

Tenebrism

• a form of chiaroscuro characterized by extreme contrasts between light and darkness

• figures are illuminated against a predominately dark background

• developed by Caravaggio and his followers in the 16th century

Space

the area between, around, above, below, or within objects

• positive space: the shapes of forms of interest

• negative space: the empty space between the shapes or forms

Peter Paul Reubens

• Flemish Baroque painter

• History paintings: both

• mythological and biblical

• 1577-1640

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• Born in Naples, but worked in Rome

• credited with creating the Baroque architectural style

• most important sculptor of the 17th century

• 1598-1680

Rembrandt van Rijn

• 1606-1669

• Amsterdam, Dutch republic

• prolific painter, engraver, and drawer

• known for chiaroscuro/tenebrism

• painting style evolved from employing very precise, detailed lines, to a courser style of brushwork

Jan Vermeer

• 1632-1675

• Delft, Dutch republic

• Known for portraits in domestic scenes, including everyday objects

• paintings have been described as having a “pearly light”

• work was little known until the 19th century

Antonio Vivaldi

• 1678-1741 (Baroque)

• Venetian priest and musician

• worked at the Ospedale della Pieta as a composer, conductor, and violin teacher

• known for the development of the concerto form and his vivid depictions of nature

The four seasons

Concerto

• a musical work that features a soloist performing in dialogue with an orchestra

• typically, in three movements:

  • I. fast

  • II. slow

  • III. fast

• From the Latin concertare, “to contend” and also “to work together”

concerto no. 1 in E major, “spring”

• I. Allegro (e major)

• II. Largo e pianissimo sempre (C# minor)

• III. Allegro pastorale (E major)