Equine Rotation Final Exam

E. coli

Which of these is NOT a cause of diarrhea/colitis in horses?

A. Salmonella

B. Clostridium difficile

C. Coronavirus

D. E. coli

E. Clostridium perfringens

USG (normal in foals is 1.005 and adults is 1.020; over 1.030 = dehydrated)

Most sensitive way to test for dehydration?

V/Q mismatch, shunt, decreased FiO2 (up in mountains), hypoventilation/diffusion impairment

What are 4 causes of hypoxemia?

2:1

What is a normal abdominal:peripheral lactate ratio?

60mL/kg/day

Maintenance fluid rate in horses?

Yay horses

Polymyxin B (binds endotoxin)

What is the only medication that actually treats endotoxemia?

PCR

Oxytetracycline

How do you diagnose Potomac Horse Fever (PHF)?

What is the mainstay treatment?

Metronidazole

What is the mainstay treatment for horses with colitis due to clostridium spp?

FQ (i.e. enrofloxacin); Damages cartilage

What kind of antibiotics should never be given to foals and why?

K-pen and gentamicin

Ceftiofur

Classic 2 antibiotics given to horses with general colitis?

What if they have renal issues?

False, only if really sick/immunosuppressed

T/F: All horses with salmonella should get broad spectrum antibiotics

Grain overload, black walnuts, hyperinsulinemia (not rlly steroids, they just cause insulin resistance)

What 3 things cause laminitis?

PCR panel and/or fecal culture

Best way to diagnose colitis?

Bloodwork cases - Beard

Heinz bodies, eccentrocytes

Wilted red male leaves, garlic, onions

What bloodwork things indicate there is oxidative damage?

What are things that can cause this?

Spherocytes

Coomb's test

What things on bloodwork do you see with IMHA?

How do you officially diagnose it?

Hypoventilation

What is the ONLY thing that causes an increase in CO2? (Normal is 40%)

Hyperkalemia, low Na and Cl

What 3 bloodwork markers are CLASSIC for uroabdomen?

Lack of dopamine

Hypertrichosis, pot belly, PU/PD

Endogenous ACTH (or TRH stim)

Dopamine agonist (pergolide)

Cause of PPID?

Clinical signs?

Dx?

Tx?

It is a dopamine agonist

How does pergolide treat PPID?

Fat deposits, laminitis (normal haircoat!)

Basal insulin concentrations (>50 is positive) or oral sugar test

Diet change (prairie grass), metformin, SGLT inhibitors (thyroid meds?)

Clinical signs of Equine metabolic syndrome?

Dx?

Tx?

Prairie grass - Has the lowest amount of NSC

What is the best kind of hay to feed a horse with EMS? (And why?)

A. Brome

B. Alfalfa

C. Prairie grass

D. Sour patch kids

EMS; PPID

(EMS/PPID) has high insulin but not glucose.

(EMS/PPID) has high glucose.

Prevents glucose reabsorption at kidney putting in negative energy balance

Can cause hypertriglyceridemia

How do SGLT inhibitors work with EMS? What do we worry about with giving this drug?

60-80mL/kg (do 20mL/kg at a time)

Shock dose of fluids in horses?

In the first 12-24hr (give 50% initially with remaining over 12 hours)

With fluids, how quickly should you address dehydration?

60mL/kg/day

100mL/kg/day

Maintenance fluid rate for adult horses? What about foals?

Hypertonic crystalloids (like 7% NaCl) followed by isotonic fluids (like 0.9% NaCl or LRS)

What fluid type is good for shocky horses as it provides rapid volume expansion?

Colloid (plasma, hetastarch)

_____________ fluids contain a molecule that can exert oncotic pressure {starlings forces!!}

BW, PE, urine output, PCV/TP, USG (foals)

How can we monitor that our fluid therapy is working to correct dehydration?

Enteral fluids (softens impaction)

Horse has a high PCV and high fibrinogen. An NG tube is passed with no net reflux. On rectal he has hard feces impacted within the large colon. What kind of fluids do you reccomend?

Absorption of fluid from GI tract is dependent on blood supply (body is pulling blood away from stomach and putting to more vital organs)

Why can't enteral fluids be used for hypovolemia?

After (always rehydrate first!)

Should you give bicarbonate supplement before or after initiating fluid therapy?

Fast localized abdominal sonography of horses

WHAT DOES FLASH STAND FOR??

Nephrosplenic window, jejunum/lower flank, left colon, gastric window, R kidney/cecum/duodenum, liver/R dorsal colon/duodenum, large colon/free fluid, thorax

What 8 places do we look with a FLASH US?

Nephrosplenic entrapment

With a colic on a FLASH US, you are unable to visualize the left kidney and the rectal palpation feels abnormal. What is your dx?

Normal SI thickness on FLASH US?

Impaction or displacement

What would loss of sacculation of the left colon indicate on FLASH US?

ICS 10-15

What ICS does the stomach lie on a FLASH US?

Right dorsal colitis

What kind of colitis do NSAIDs cause?

>9mm

How thick does the colon need to be to indicate there is a large colon volvulus?

True

T/F: It is always important to briefly scan the thorax with FLASH US even if for colic as primary thoracic disease can sometimes present as "colic"

Clean: surgical wound (does not enter resp, GI, urinary, nor oropharyngeal tracts)

Clean-contaminated: surgical wound (DOES enter those places above)

Contaminated: surgery with breach in asepsis or wound with no necrosis/discharge

Dirty: surgery with fecal contamination or wound with necrosis/discharge

Describe these wound classifications: Clean, Clean contaminated, Contaminated, Dirty

Primary: closed at initial management

Delayed primary: closed 3-5d post injury

Secondary: closed 5d after insult, granulation tissue present

Second intention: never closed, heals on own (do with really infected wounds or lots of dead space)

Describe the difference in these wound closures: Primary closure, delayed primary closure, secondary closure, second intention

Inflammatory/lag phase (horses have a prolonged inflammatory phase, we influence this by debriding)

WE HAVE THE MOST INFLUENCE OVER WHAT PHASE OF WOUND HEALING????

0.1%/10mL (put 10mL of iodine into 1L of saline)

FOR WOUND PREP ANTISEPTICS, WHAT CONCENTRAITON OF IODINE SHOULD YOU MIX UP??

0.05%

FOR WOUND PREP ANTISEPTICS, WHAT CONCENTRAITON OF CHLORHEXIDINE DIGLUCONATE SHOULD YOU MIX UP??

1 Give tetanus toxoid and antitoxin

2 Give tetanus toxoid

3 Nothing! Covered!

A horse presents with a wound and...

1 He has never had a tetanus vaccine

2 He has had a tetanus vaccine before, but it is not up to date

3 He is up to date on his vaccination status

What would you do for each of these scenarios?

Establish ventral drainage!

WITH WOUND MANAGEMENT, IF THERE IS LOTS OF DEAD SPACE..... WHAT DO YOU DOOOOO?

Give deslorelin (GnRH analog) or hcG

(both cause an LH surge)

How do you induce ovulation in a horse?!?

Right before the LH peak

Ovulation occurs...

A. Right after the LH peak

B. Right before the LH peak

C. During the LH peak

D. A week after the LH peak

Maximizes the number of times a mare can get pregnant (give PGF2alpha, will hasten estrus)

Purpose of short cycling?

>35mm

WHAT SIZE FOLLICLE DO YOU NEED TO INSEMINATE?

Progesterone (P4)

Cessation of estrus is determined by the concentration of what hormone?

False, won't have P4 therefore will show signs of estrus ALL the time (better to give regumate)

T/F: The best way to get a mare to stop showing estrus signs is to spay them

CL

During diestrus, what ovarian structure is present?

21 days

How long is a horses estrus cycle?

Measure IgG (want >800, 400-800 partial failure,

How can you tell if a foal got enough colostrum?

4mo (booster in 4w)

When do vaccinations start in horses?

Annually

How often do horses get vaccinated?

11 months

How long is gestation in horses?

Last 30d of pregnancy; No mod-live

When should pregnant mares be vaccinated? What kind of vaccines should pregnant mares NOT recieve?

Long

Horses are ________ day breeders

A. Long

B. Short

C. Meow

Animal, disease, environment

What is the infectious disease triad?

Blood (flies, needles, etc)

Coggins test

Yes

How is equine infectious anemia (EIA) transmitted?

Dx?

Is it reportable?

30d

How long are health papers good for?

18g or 19g

Best gauge of needle size for vaccinating horses?

Tetanus, EEE/WEE, WNV, rabies

EHV1 and 4, influenza, EVA,

Equine core vaccines?

What about risk-based vaccines?

False, can survive in frozen semen

T/F: You can avoid transmission of equine viral arteritis by using frozen semen

Xanthochromia

What will CSF look like with a neurologic EHV-1 case?

VEE

Which disease listed below can people get from horses?

A. WEE

B. EEE

C. VEE

D. WNV

E. All of the above

Rotavirus

What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in foals?

False, do NOT vaccinate if recently exposed (don't vax if titer >1,600)

T/F: The best way to mitigate a strangles outbreak is to vaccinate

Will cause an abscess (give IN only)

Why should you never give MLV strangles vaccine IM?

Dictycaulus arnfieldi

What lung worm can horses get from donkeys?

2-4

Horse teeth are hypsodontal and erupt ______mm/year

Maxillary

Infundibulae are only located on the (mandibular/maxillary) teeth

False, surrounds the dentin on the inside and the infundibulae on the maxillary teeth

T/F: Enamel surrounds the entire tooth of a horse

Cementum

What is located on the outside of a horse tooth (the turquoise part)?

A. Cementum

B. Enamel

C. Dentin

D. Pulp

15 degrees

WHAT ANGLE ARE HORSE TEETH?

Ansiognathic

Horses have an ____________________ jaw meaning they have different distance spaces between maxillary and mandibular teeth

Towards the root tip

Where is the "apical" part of the tooth?

_05

What # are the wolf teeth in a horse?

Mandible - lingual

Maxillary - buccal

What sides of the tooth tend to overgrow in a horses mouth on the mandible vs maxilla?

24 (12 incisors, 12 molars)

HOW MANY DECIDUOUS TEETH DOES A HORES HAVE?

36-44 (may or may not have canines or wolf teeth)

HOW MANY PERMANENT TEETH DOES A HORSE HAVE?

1st at 6-7d old

2nd at 6-7w old

3rd at 6-7m old

When do foals get their incisors?

I1- 2.5 years

I2- 3.5 years

I3- 4.5 years

canine- 4-5 years

When do horse permanent teeth erupt?

Ramp is >30 degrees

What is a hook vs a ramp?

>30 degree occlusal angle

What is a shear mouth?

Bermuda grass

Ileal impactions are common when feeding....?

1 firm ingesta impacting

2 cecal dysfunction, no outflow

Type 1 vs type 2 cecal impactions?

Spasmodic/gas colic

What is the most common type of colic?

LVC or pelvic flexure

Where are large colon impactions most commonly seen?

Cerebral: abnormal mentation, seizures, blindness

Cerebellar: intention tremors, no menace, strength ok

Brainstem: CN deficits, gait issues

Spinal cord: ataxia, paresis

Signs of cerebral dz vs cerebellar dz vs brainstem dz vs spinal cord dz?

Cerebrum

A horse is having abnormal mentation and head pressing and seizures. Localized the lesion.

Cerebellum

A horse is having intention tremors and absent menace. Localize the lesion.

Brainstem

A horse is having cranial nerve deficits and gait deficits. Localized the lesion.

Cortical blindness

What if PLRs are intact but menace absent?