Oral Histology and Embryology Test 1

What is the human body composed of?

Cells, intercellular substance, and fluid

What carries out many functions vital to life such as absorption, respiration, conductivity, growth, reproduction, and excretion?

Cells

What is the cell made up of?

Nucleus and cytoplasm

What is the blood and lymph?

Fluid

What surrounds each cell, provides the cell with nutrition, and takes up waste products?

Intercellular substance

What is found in all cells except mature RBCs and platelets?

Nucleus

What does the nucleus contain?

Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA

What contains genetic information?

DNA

What carries the genetic information from the DNA to the cytoplasm?

RNA

What is the nucleus bound by?

Nuclear envelope

What is the opening on the nuclear envelope?

Nuclear pore

What is the cell membrane that encloses everything together?

Cytoplasm

What ER has no ribosomes?

Smooth ER

What ER has ribosomes on the surface where protein production is initiated?

Rough ER

What are particles that translate genetic codes for proteins and play a role in the production of amino acids?

Ribosomes

Location of ribosomes

Inside nucleolus

What sorts, condenses, package, and deliver proteins from the ER?

Golgi apparatus

What contains vesicles that can fuse with the cell membrane and release its contents by exocytosis?

Golgi apparatus

What contains acid hydrolase and enzymes that break down substances?

Lysosomes

What are the major sources of ATP (energy) and major site for metabolic reactions?

Mitochondria

What is the 3D system of support for the cytoplasm?

Cytoskeleton

What is important in mitosis?

Microtubules

Walls are composed of sets of microtubules

Centrioles

a selective barrier that regulates substances

Plasma membrane

What does not undergo cell division at all?

Adult neurons

splitting of two cells with the same genetic information that will be copied to each cell

Mitosis

What are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What stage is when the chromatin thread thickens to become chromosomes?

Prophase

(Prophase) each chromosome splits in half

Chromatids (each pair attach to centrome)

(Prophase) Each chromatin pair is attached to what?

Centromere (button that connects chromatids)

the nuclear membrane disappear and each centriole pair duplicates and migrates to opposite poles after chromatids split in half and evolves centromeres on each pair of chromatids.

Prophase

Chromatin thread thickens becoming chromosomes. The mitotic spindle forms and centrioles are at the opposite ends and attach themselves by the spindle.

Metaphase

What stage is when everything is lining up in the middle?

Metaphase

What stage is when the centromeres divide and move the completed identical sets of chromatid to opposite poles?

Anaphase

What is when the chromosome X is splitting apart and moving away from each other?

Anaphase

What stage is when the nucleus reappears, chromosomes elongate, and cleavage furrow deepens until separation occurs (cytokinesis)?

Telophase

What are mechanical attachments between cells or surfaces?

Cellular junctions (tonofibrils, desmosome, hemidesome)

What are like shoe strings that attach cell to cell?

Tonofibrils

What are junctions between two cells?

Desmosome = epidermis

What is an attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface?

Hemidesmosome = gingiva attaching to tooth surface

What is an example of hemidesmosome?

Gingival epithelium that attaches to the tooth surface

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

Proliferative (preimplantation), embryonic, and fetal

When is the proliferative (preimplantation) period?

0-2 weeks

What is the order in the proliferative period?

Zygote > morula > blastocyst > embryonic disc

When is the embryonic period?

2-8 weeks

Tissue types and organ systems develop in what period?

Embryonic period

What are the stages in the embryonic period?

embryo > endoderm = yolk sac (hypoblast/inferior) > ectodermal cells = amniotic cavity (epiblast/superior) > mesoderm forms between the ectoderm and the endoderm (middle)

From the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm forms the human tissues

When is the fetal period?

8 week to birth

organs and organ systems enlarge and continue to develop in which period?

Fetal period

What do all four major tissue types arise from?

embryonic disc layers

What are the embryonic disc layers?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

What are the tissue types?

Epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle

What is a dual organ?

Epithelium (skin)

What disc layer is the epidermis from?

Ectoderm

What disc layer is the dermis (connective tissue) from?

Mesoderm

What gives rise to the neural plate, which lateral edges elevate to become the neural tube?

Ectoderm

What develops into neurons?

Neuroblasts

examples of connective tissue

Cartilage, bone, blood

the initial skeletal component of the embryo

Cartilage

What are the types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

What cartilage is clear and glasslike?

Hyaline

What cartilage is in external ear?

Elastic

What cartilage is in intervertebral discs?

Fibrous

What can remain the same or form into bone?

Cartilage

two processes that forms bone (cartilage)

• Endochondral

• Intramembranous

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

What muscle is striated and voluntary?

Skeletal

What muscle is visceral and involuntary?

Smooth

What muscles is involuntary?

Smooth and cardiac

What system develops during the embryonic period?

Cardiovascular (4th week the heart develops)

superior layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc (epiblast and hypoblast layers)

Epiblast

What type/shape of cells is the epiblast made of?

Columnar cells

inferior layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc

Hypoblast

What type/shape of cells is the hypoblast made of?

Cuboidal cells

What faces the epiblast layer?

Amniotic cavity

What faces the hypoblast layer?

Yolk sac

forms in the bilaminar embryonic disc due to an increased proliferation (preimplantation) of cells

Primitive streak

Where do some cells from the epiblast layer (beginning/superior) migrate to?

Toward the primitive streak

Where do the migrating cells locate between?

Epiblast and hypoblast becoming mesenchyme

What proliferatives into connective tissue?

Mesenchymal cells

When mesenchymal cells proliferate, they form what cells?

Fibroblasts, chrondoblasts, and osteoblasts

What layer is the ectoderm from?

Epiblast

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

1. Nervous system

2. Sensory epithelium of eye, ear, nose

3. Epidermis, hair, nails

4. Mammary and cutaneous glands

5. Epithelium of sinuses, oral and nasal cavities, intraoral glands

6. Tooth enamel

What layer is the endoderm from?

Hypoblast

What does the endoderm give rise to?

GI tract epithelium and respiratory lining

What layer is the mesoderm from?

Mesenchyme

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

CT derivatives (bone, cartilage, blood, dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament)

What do epithelial tissues cover?

1. The external surface and internal cavities

2. Tubes leading to glands or follicles

3. And forms membranes

What forms the skin and some oral regions?

Ectoderm

What forms the lining of the respiratory and GI tract?

Endoderm

What forms part of the urinary tract?

Mesoderm

Epithelium is classified by:

• cell shape (squamous, cubioidal, columnar)

• Arrangement (simple, stratified)

What is one layer; unstratified?

Simple

multiple layers stacked upon each other

Stratified

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

Avascular

Where is epithelium nourished if it doesn't have blood vessels?

Underlying connective tissue

control center for the brain and spinal cord

CNS

nerves and ganglia

PNS

PNS - CNS (going from nerves/ganglia to brain/spinal)

Afferent

Arrives to brain

afferent