Midterm extend stuff

what is anemia?

• Reduced O2-carry capacity

• Can be caused by not enough RBCs, iron deficiency, sickle cell

Polycythemia

• Too many RBCs

• Blood is thick, affecting the heart and slowing blood flow

• Can lead to a clot

Leukocytosis

• too many WBCs

• >10k wbc/uL

• can be caused by infection, allergy, stress

Leukcytopenia

• too few WBCs

• <5k wbc/ uL

• can be caused by lead poisoning, radiation sickness and increases risk of infection

Reticulocytosis

elevated number of immature RBCs

healthy number of RBCs

5 million/ mm³

healthy number of reticuloctyes

less than 1%

healthy number of WBCs

5000-10,000 / mm³

hematocrit at healthy level

38-55%

hemoglobin at healthy level

12-18 g/dL

healthy number of platelets

150,000- 500,000 / mm³

what is thrombocytopenia

• low platelet count

• caused by leukemia, bacterial infections, vitamin B12

Thrombocytosis

• elevated platelet count

• caused by cancer and anemia

neutrophil percentage

50-70%

when neutrophil amount is elevated what does it mean?

bacterial infection

basophil percentage

less than 1%

eosinophils percentage

2-4%

what does it mean when eosinophil percentage is high

worms/ allergies

monocytes percentage

2-8%

lymphocytes percentage

20-30%

what does it mean when lymphocyte percentage is high

viral infection

EDV equation, what are the units

ESV + SV

mL

Cardiac output equation, what are the units

SV x heart rate

L/min

cardiac cycle equation, what are the units

60 sec / heart rate

in seconds

ejection fraction equation, what are the units

Sv / EDV

%

diastole equation, what are the units

cardiac cycle - systole (.3)

seconds

pulse pressure equation, what are the units

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

mmHg

mean arterial pressure equation, what are the units

diastolic pressure + (PP/3)

mmHg

net filtration pressure (capillary exchange) equation, what are the units

hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure

mmHg

location, source, function: salivary amylase

1. mouth

2. salivary gland

3. carbohydrate digestion

location, source, function: lingual lipase

1. mouth

2. lingual glands of tongue

3. lipid digestion

location, source, function: HCl

1. stomach

2. parietal cells

3. activate pepsinogen → pepsin

location, source, function: Intrinsic factor

1. stomach

2. parietal cells

3. vitamin B12 absorption

location, source, function: pepsinogen

1. stomach

2. chief cells

3. proenzyme of pepsin, activated by HCl for protein digestion

location, source, function: Gastrin

1. stomach

2. Enteroendocrine (G-cells)

3. stimulates parietal cell to increase HCl, stimulates chief cells to increase pepsinogen, stimulates muscles to increase churning and mixing

location, source, function: Acetylcholine

1. stomach

2. nerve ending

3. stimulates parietal to increase HCl

location, source, function: Histamine

1. stomach

2. cells in lamina propria

3. stimulates parietal cells to increase HCl

location, source, function: Cholecystokinin

1. small intestine

2. enteroendocrine cells

3. stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes, activate bile ejection, inhibit parietal and chief cells to decrease gastric secretions, inhibit stomach peristalsis, reduce hunger sensation

location, source, function: secretin

1. small intestine

2. enteroendocrine cells

3. stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich buffers, increase bile secretion, inhibit parietal and chief cells, inhibit stomach peristalsis

location, source, function: maltase, sucrase, lactase

1. small intestine

2. brush border enzyme

3. carbohydrate digestion

location, source, function: dipeptidase, aminopeptidase

1. small intestine

2. brush border enzyme

3. protein digestion

location, source, function: enteropeptidase

1. small intestine

2. brush border enzyme

3. protein digestion, activates trypsinogen into trypsin

location, source, function: lysozymes

1. small intestine

2. paneth cells

3. antibacterial

location, source, function: bicarbonate

1. small intestine / pancreas

2. Brunner’s gland / acinar cells

3. neutralize acids in duodenum

location, source, function: pancreatic amylase

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. carbohydrate digestion

location, source, function: lipase

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. fat digestion

location, source, function: trypsinogen

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. proenzyme of trypsin, activated by enteropeptidase (enterokinase) , for protein digestion

location, source, function: chymotrypsinogen

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. proenzyme of chymotrypsin, activated by trypsin, for protein digestion

location, source, function: procarboxypeptidase

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. proenzyme of carboxypeptidase, activated hy trypsin, for protein digestion

location, source, function: deoxyribonuclease + ribonuclease

1. pancreas

2. acinar cells

3. DNA/ RNA digestion

location, source, function: glucagon / insulin

1. pancreas

2. islet of langerhans

3. increase / decrease blood glucose

location, source, function: bile

1. liver

2. hepatocytes

3. fat emulsification

What is in the tunica interna of arteries

Endothelium

Internal elastic lamina

What is in the tunica interna of Veins

Endothelium

Fewer elastic fibers

What is in the tunica media of Arteries

Thick Smooth muscle

External elastic lamina

What is in the tunica media of veins

Smooth muscle

Thin

What is in the tunica externa of Arteries and veins

elastic and collagen fiber

thicker in veins

What occurs in the PQ interval?

1. SA node fires

2. Atrial depolarization

3. Na+ comes in

4. AV node carries impulse

What occurs at the QRS complex

1. Atrial repolarization

2. Ventricular depolarization

3. Goes from AV node → bundle of his → R & L bundle branches→ purkinje fibers

What occurs in ST segment

Ventricular contraction

What occurs in T wave

1. Ventricular repolarization

2. Ventricle relaxes

How long are the smaller boxes in an EKG? What are the bigger boxes in the EKG

• smaller= .04 sec

• Larger= .2 sec

How does a normal P-wave look? What does it look like irregular? What does that mean?

• normal= equal spacing

• Irregular= unequal spacing. atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmia

How to determine rate?

Count the QRS complex’s in a 6-second strip then multiply by 10

Should be between 60-100 bpm

What is the PR interval? What is the normal amount?

• normal is .12- .2 sec

• The time it takes for atrial depolarization and the passage of impulse through AV node

What does it mean when there’s too long PR interval? What about too short? What are the values?

• too long= >.2 = 1st degree AV block

• Too short= <.12 = WPW syndrome/ additional electrical pathway

What is a normal QRS complex?

• normal is <.12 sec/ 3 tiny boxes

What is a wider QRS? What does a deep Q mean?

• >.12 sec, means action potential is not traveling normal distance

• Deep q means past heart attack

How should an ST segment look like? What does it mean when it’s elevated? What about depressed?

• normal should be flat

• Elevated= acute heart attack

• Depressed= ischemia (lack of O2)

What is a normal QT? What does it mean when it’s prolonged? What’s the value?

• normal is .36-.44 sec

• Prolonged= >.44 sec, risk of arrhythmias and high calcium

What is the first heart sound “Lubb”

Closure of AV valve

What is second heart sound “dubb”

Semilunar valves close

Where does systole occur

• between heart sound 1 and 2, AV valve closes and semilunar opens

• Contraction, pump blood out

Where does diastole occur

• occurs between heart sound 2 and 1, AV open and semilunar close

• Relax and fills with blood

How is sound of korotkoff heard?

• at systolic blood pressure, blood flows through turbulently through brachial artery

description of parotid glands

• serous acini

• longest duct

• goes through buccinator to oral cavity

• high amylase, watery saliva

description of sublingual gland

• muscus acini

• shortest duct

• secrete saliva with muscus for lubrication

description of submandibular gland

• contains both mucus and serous acini

Intraperitoneal organs

• S- Stomach

• A- Appendix

• L- Liver

• T- Transverse colon

• D- Duodenum (1st portion)

• S- Small Intestine (jejunum + iluem)

• P- Pancreas (tail only)

• R- Rectum

• S- Spleen

• S- Sigmoid colon

Retroperitoneal organs

• S- Suprarenal (adrenal) gland

• A- Aorta

• D- Duodenum (2,3,4 parts)

• P- Pancreas (Head and body)

• U- Uterus

• C- Colon (descending and ascending)

• K- Kidney

• E- Esophagus

• R- Rectum (no distal 1/3rd)