Cambridge AS-Level Physics: Vectors, Errors, and Momentum

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering vectors, resolving components, experimental errors, uncertainty calculations, and linear momentum conservation from Cambridge AS-Level Physics.

Scalar Quantity

A physical quantity that has magnitude (size) only. Examples include distance, speed, mass, energy, time, temperature, and frequency.

Vector Quantity

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples include displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum.

Horizontal Component ($F_x$)

The horizontal part of a vector acting at an angle $\theta$ to the horizontal, given by the formula $F_x = F \times \cos(\theta)$.

Vertical Component ($F_y$)

The vertical part of a vector acting at an angle $\theta$ to the horizontal, given by the formula $F_y = F \times \sin(\theta)$.

Systematic Error

An error that causes readings to differ from the true value by a consistent amount each time. It can be minimized by using calibrated instruments, applying a correction factor, or performing zero-adjustment.

Random Error

Unpredictable variations in measurements due to environmental factors or limitations in human reaction time. It can be minimized by taking multiple repeat readings and calculating a mean.

Percentage Error

An uncertainty metric calculated using the formula $\left| \frac{\text{True} - \text{Measured}}{\text{True}} \right| \times 100\%$.

Relative Uncertainty

An uncertainty metric defined as the ratio of absolute uncertainty to measured value: $\frac{\text{Absolute Uncertainty}}{\text{Measured Value}}$.

Linear Momentum ($p$)

The product of an object's mass and velocity, given by the formula $p = m \times v$. It is measured in units of $\text{kg}\cdot\text{m/s}$ or $\text{N}\cdot\text{s}$.

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

A fundamental principle stating that in an isolated system (where there are no external net forces), the total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after the collision.

Coupled Inelastic Collision Formula

The equation $m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = (m_1 + m_2)V$, used to describe a collision where two masses stick together and move with a shared common final velocity $V$.

Inelastic Collision

A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved, with some portion of the initial kinetic energy being converted into sound, thermal energy, or structural deformation.

Loss of Kinetic Energy ($\Delta KE$)

The reduction in mechanical energy during an inelastic collision, calculated as $\Delta KE = KE_{\text{before}} - KE_{\text{after}}$.