Ed Psych 321: Human Development in Adolescence - Exam 2 Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering schools, peer groups, family systems, and parenting dynamics for the Ed Psych 321 Exam 2 review.

Exam 2 Specifications

An assessment consisting of $50$ multiple choice questions covering chapters $4$ through $6$, administered on Thursday $10/29$ from 11:00 to 12:15 requiring #2 pencils and a wiscard.

Origins of Secondary Education

The expansion of schooling driven by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, which forced adolescents out of the workplace and made compulsory education a means of creating a shared society.

1920s Goals of Secondary Education

The dual aims established for universal secondary education: intellectual training and preparing youth for life in modern society (including the roles of work and citizenship).

Common Core

A proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all U.S. schools would be expected to use as part of standards-based reform.

Historical Eras of School Reform

A progression of curricular focuses: Science in the 1950s, Relevance to Work in the 1970s, Preventative Interventions in the 1990s, and Enforcement of Academic Standards in the 2000s.

School Size Effect

The observational finding that students in larger schools tend to be observers rather than active participants.

Classroom Size Effect

The principle that variation in class size does not affect scholastic achievement during adolescence, with remedial education being the sole exception.

Tracking

The practice of separating students by academic ability into different classes within the same school.

Optimal Classroom Climate

A learning atmosphere featuring high responsiveness, high demandingness, a moderate degree of structure, high student involvement, and high teacher support.

Classroom Climate Perception

The subjective view of the classroom environment, which can vary by gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, where positive perceptions associate with increased self-efficacy beliefs.

Cliques

Small peer groups of $2$ to $12$ individuals connected through similar interests and friendships that provide the main social setting for direct interaction and social skill development.

Crowds

Large, reputation- or image-based groups that serve as reference groups to define adolescent social identity and establish norms for clothing, leisure activities, and music tastes.

Inclusion Tactics

Methods used by cliques to manage membership and maintain hierarchy, comprising recruitment, application, realignment of friendships, and integration.

Exclusion Tactics

Methods used by cliques to enforce boundaries, comprising subjugation of the out-group, subjugation within the in-group, compliance, stigmatization, and expulsion.

Social Network Roles in Cliques

Structural positions within peer networks, including clique members, liaisons connecting separate groups, dyads sharing mutual links, and isolates possessing no group ties.

Sociometric Popularity (Social Preference)

A measurement determining how well-liked a peer is by others, distinct from perceived social impact.

Perceived Popularity (Social Impact)

A measurement determining the status or visibility a peer commands within the social structure, reflecting whether others view them as popular.

"Disliked and Popular" Peer Status

A social status quadrant defined by high social impact (high perceived popularity) coupled with low social preference (low sociometric popularity).

"Liked but Not Popular" Peer Status

A social status quadrant defined by low social impact (low perceived popularity) coupled with high social preference (high sociometric popularity).

Types of Bullying

The three forms of peer harassment: physical aggression, verbal aggression, and non-verbal/non-physical aggression.

Bullying Intervention Rates

Empirical survey data showing who intervenes to help victimized students: no one ($64\%$), another student ($32\%$), a teacher ($4\%$), or another adult ($4\%$).

Participant Roles in Bullying

The social positions occupied during peer harassment episodes, comprising the bully, victim, assistant, defender, reinforcer, and bystanders.

Mundane Issues in Family Conflict

The day-to-day topics (such as curfews, chores, and clothing) that parents and adolescents typically fight about due to differing perspectives and violated expectations, rather than core values.

Complementary Concerns at Adolescence

Three overlapping life challenges experienced simultaneously by adolescents and their midlife parents: physical development, the future, and careers.

Parent-Adolescent Mental Health Cycle

A reciprocal model (Mudiam et al., 2023) where poor parental mental health causes less effective parenting, which fuels adolescent behavior problems, which in turn exacerbates parental mental health problems.

Sandwich Generation

The financial strain experienced by parents who must concurrently fund large anticipated expenditures for their adolescent children while managing financial demands for aging relatives.

Family Function Shift

The developmental transition in family purpose moving away from childhood nurturance, protection, and socialization toward adolescent support, guidance, and direction.

Parenting Styles Matrix

A 2-by-2 classification scheme crossing responsiveness with demandingness to yield authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and indifferent styles.

Authoritative Parenting

A style combining high responsiveness and high demandingness where parents are warm but firm, recognized as the optimal parenting approach.

Authoritarian Parenting

A style combining low responsiveness and high demandingness where parents place an absolute value on obedience and enforce rigid rules.

Indulgent Parenting

A style combining high responsiveness and low demandingness where parents act in an accepting, benign, and passive manner with few expectations.

Indifferent Parenting

A style combining low responsiveness and low demandingness where parents minimize the time and effort dedicated to interacting with their child.

Mechanisms of Authoritative Parenting

Processes that foster positive youth outcomes through guided self-reliance, verbal give-and-take that sharpens reasoning and social skills, and warmth that nurtures strong attachment.