Policy and Ethics Exam #1

Module 1-5

Asclepius

Greek god of medicine and healing. Followers establish healing temples; care was delivered by a servant nurse. Hippocrates may have studied at an asclepieion.

Mosaic Health Code

Hebrew religious health practices included food, rest, sleep, cleanliness, hygiene, and childbearing. The high priest served as priest-physician

Hippocrates

Attributed with the first Western medical text. Corpus Hippocraticum and a plan of assessments, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis; the Hippocratic oath is attributed to him

Socrates

Developed the socratic method; opposing opinions explored through dialectic

• Question to seek knowledge

Plato

Responsible for the dialogues, describing conversations between Socrates and others

• Record philosophical dialogue

Aristotle

Virtuous behaviors seeks the golden mean; the aim of the good life is eudaimonia or flourishing life

• Virtue and the good life

The four methods Pierce stated humans used to fix their beliefs were what?

tenacity, authority, a priori, and reasoning

tenacity

I believe it because I already believe it

• “that’s how I’ve always done it”

Authority

I accept what an authority figure tells me

• the policy/the provider states…

A priori

It feels reasonable or agreeable

• “That just makes sense”

Reasoning

Belief develops through empirical observation, experimentation, and reasoning

• “what does the evidence show?”

What is the ANA Nursing Code of Ethics?

A professional standard for complex decision. It set sthe definitive standards for ethical nursing practice

Provision of the Code of Ethics for Nurses

The Nurse practices with compassion and respect for inherent dignity, worth, and unique attribtues of every person

Provision 2 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses

A nurse’s primary commitment is to the recipient(s) of nursing care, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population

Provision 3 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses

The nurse establishes a trusting relationship and advocates for the rights, health, and safety of recipient(s) of nursing care

Provision 4 of Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nurses have authority over nursing practice and are responsible and accountable for their practice consistent with their obligation to promote health, prevent illness, and provide optimal care

Provision 5 of Code of Ethics for Nurses

The nurse has moral duties to self as a person of inherent dignity and worth including an expectation of a safe place to work that fosters flourishing, authenticity of self at work, and self-respect through integrity and professional competence

Provision 6 of Code of Ethics

Nurses, through individual and collective effort, establish, maintain, and improve the ethical environment of the work setting that affects nursing care and the well-being of nurses

Provision 7 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nurses advance the profession through multiple approaches to knowledge development, professional standards, and the generation of policies for nursing, health, and social concerns

Provision 8 of Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nurses build collaborative relationships and networks with nurses, other healthcare and non-healthcare disciplines, and the public to achieve greater ends

Provision 9 of Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nurses and their professional organizations work to enact and resource practices, policies, and legislation to promote social justice, eliminate health inequities, and facilitate human flourishing

Provision 10 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nursing, through organizations and associations, participates in the global nursing and health community to promote human and environmental health, well-being, and flourishing

A dilemma happens when what?

When two good obligations collide and honoring one means compromising the other

Utilitarianism

Which choice produces the best outcome for the greatest number?

The right action is the action that produces the greatest overall good

Deontology

“What is my duty, regardless of the outcome?”

Somethings are right because they are right, regardless of what the outcome may be

Virtue ethics

Focuses on character, habits, and moral formation

What are the five focal virtues?

Compassion, Discernment, Trustworthiness, Integrity, and Conscientiousness

Compassion

The ability to imagine the patient’s suffering

Discernment

The ability to notice what matters

Trustworthiness

The ability to act with the right motives

Integrity

The ability to align values with action

Conscientiousness

the ability to own your responsibility

What are the 6 principles that every nurse should recognize?

Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity

Autonomy

the ability to respect the choice of the pt

Beneficence

The responsibility to do good

• actions that would promote good

Nonmaleficence

the responsibility to avoid harm

• refraining from doing things that may cause harm

Justice

Fairness

Fidelity

Ability to keep commitments

Veracity

The ability to tell the truth

Paternalism

“I know what is best, so I will decide for you”

• motivated by beneficence by risks violating autonomy

Advocacy

Speaking, supporting, recommending, or escalating on behalf of receiving care

Axiology

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature and types of values

• Includes the study of values in art, human relations and conduct, and beliefs regarding the relationships with the divine

Values

Ideas, beliefs, customs, qualities, or goals that are highly prized or preferred by individuals, groups, or society. They provide direction and meaning to life and provide a frame of reference for integrating, explaining, or evaluating new experiences, thoughts, and relationships. They influence our actions whether we’re aware of them or not

Moral values

standards or principles that guide individuals in evaluating what is considered to be right or wrong. They reflect one’s character and govern choices one makes when faced with ethical issues or dilemmas

Moral agency

A nurse’s ability to act morally and promote positive outcomes for patients, basing actions and decisions on internalized principles and knowledge of right and wrong, good or bad

Cosmology

A person’s worldview. A set of assumption about perceived reality that guide, support, and empower members of the culture

Culture

The lifeways of a group of interacting individuals consisting of shared patterns of values, beliefs, behaviors, and customs

Moral development

A product of sociocultural environment in which we live and develop

Reflects the content and process of learning what is considered right and wrong within the culture

Self awareness

The ability to identify your own culture perspective

Cultural-developmental theory

Contains the ethics of autonomy, ethics of community, ethics of divinity

Ethics of autonomy

Focuses on self as individual

Ethics of community

Focuses on persons as members of groups

Ethic of divinity

focuses on persons as spiritual or religious beings

Profession

A complex, organizes occupation preceded by a long-training program and formed through a social process. An exclusive group that exist to meet the needs of society

Professional

A person bound by values and standards other than those of their employing organizations, setting one’s own rules, seeking to promote standards of excellence, and being evaluated and looking for approval from one own’s professional peers

Public law

Deals with criminal law → actions considered harmful to society

Contract and commercial law

Deals with the rights and obligations of people who make contracts, written or oral

Tort law

A wrong or injury that a person suffers because of someone else’s actions, either intentional or unintentional

Unintentional Torts

Occur when an act or omission causes unintended injury or harm to another person

• Negligence and malpractice

Negligence

Failure to do something that a reasonable person would do in similar circumstances or doing something careless that a reasonable and prudent person would avoid doing

Malpractice

The legal term that refers to negligence committed by a person in a professional capacity such as a physician, nurse, or lawyer