Virology Questions Exam1

What’s the difference between antivirals and vaccines?

Antivirals focus on viral enzymes not normally found inside human cells- (post infection). Vaccines focus on building an immune response before infection.

What is a brief history of vaccination with regard to attenuated viruses?

Edward Jenner’s 1796 smallpox vaccine, which used the related but less dangerous cowpox virus. In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur developed the principle of attenuation—weakening a pathogen so it could produce immunity without causing severe disease- and applied it to rabies.

What’s Cytopathic effects and some examples?

visible structural or functional changes in host cells caused by viral infection. Scientists often observe them under a microscope to detect and identify viral growth in cell cultures. SInclusion bodies, cell rounding

What are varied phenotypic Cytopathic effects?

What’s the difference between light microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy? What sizes can be seen with each?

Summarize the debate of whether viruses are living or non-living.

What are the four fundamental traits all viruses share

What’s the basically structural component of a virion? What is it’s role?

Do viruses belong on the tree of life?

What are viroids? What is their structural composition? How do they reproduce? Cause disease?

What are satelllite viruses? What is their structural composition? How do they reproduce? Cause disease?

What are satellite RNAs? What is their structural composition? How do they reproduce? Cause disease?

What are prions? What is their structural composition? How do they reproduce? Cause disease?

What is some evidence that transposons and introns are best classified as Subviral entities?

What are Subviral entities?

How is Baltimore classification system distinct from taxonomic classification?

List the seven groups of viruses in the Baltimore classification system

Draw a simple-decision tree to classify viruses according o the Baltimore system

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 1?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 2?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 3?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 4?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 5?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 6?

How does replication proceed for Baltimore class 7?

What is the one-step growth curve for viruses?

What are the 6 main steps of the animal virus lyric life? Describe them.

1. Attachment

2. Penetration and uncoating

3. protein production

4. genome replication and late protein production

5. Assembly

6. Release

What are different types of Microscopy and Tomography and why are they important for the study of viruses? Compare them

illustrate ad label the different styles of a virus life cycle in a model host cell

What is the role of the vRNP in influenza?

It protects viral RNA, transports it into the nucleus, and serves as the template for viral transcription and genome replication.

How does bacterial viruses differ from plant viruses in overcoming cell walls and entering host cells?

Why do most DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, and most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm?

They replicate where they have the needed host cell machinery

What are some viral and cellular factors or organelles needed for viral genome replication?

How do bacteriophages exit cells compared to how plant viruses exit?

Definite latent, lyric, and persistent infections

What are the outcomes of infected cells or hosts for latent, lytic, and persistent infections?

What are the 6 major routes of viral infection?

What determines success in infecting a: permissive host cell, naive host, and infectious dose

Permissive Host: presence of necessary internal machinery

Naive Host: lack of adaptive immune response

Infectious dose: minimum # of viruses necessary to cause infection

What’s the difference between host range and viral tropism in relation to viral infection?

Host Range is the variety of species that a virus can infect, tissue tropisim is the tissue or cell types that a virus can infect once it is inside a susceptible host.

What are the consequences of incomplete viral genomes in virions?

Contrast the ways in which influenza virus and human herpesvirus 3 attach and spread to different tissues in the human body

What types of intermolecular forces enable a viral spike protein to reversible and then irreversible bind to a host cell or a host cell receptor?

Noncovalent- London Dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding

What are the key structural and genetic characteristics of te influenza virion? Explain how these great urges determine its target tissue specificity

What is penetration and uncoating? Why are they often considered together?

Why are two major eukaryotic mechanisms for internalizing particles that some virus utilize? How is this accomplished?

Draw the clatherin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. What’s an example of a virus that utilizes this pathway for penetration?

Draw the caveolin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. What’s an example of a virus that uses this pathway for penetration?

What is the importance of a virion as a metastable particle?

How does picornacvirus penetrate and uncoat?

How do enveloped viruses use membrane fusion for penetration?

How are SNAREs involved in virion penetration?

How does influence penetrate via acidification of an endocytosis vesicle?

What dictates where a virus will complete uncoating?

How are Dunedin’s and kinesics utilized in movement of virions or parts of virions?

List some various ways viruses introduce their genomes into the nucleus

What are some barrier that plant viruses must overcome. How do they successfully infect their host cells?

What are the five types of transmission by arthropod vectors? Describe them