Endocrine System - TEAS Prep

endocrine system

• messenger system comprising of feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands and target distant organs

• the hypothalamus is the nural control center of all endocrine systems

brain

• hypothalamus

• pineal gland

• pituitary (anterior & posterior)

posterior pituitary

• made by hypothalamus

• oxytocin

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

oxytocin

• causes increased contractions of the uterus during labor stimulates ejection of milk into the duct of breasts

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• constricts blood vessels and control salt water in body

anterior pituitary

• growth hormone: promotes growth in children

• prolactin (PRL)

• thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

• follicle-stimulating

• luteinizing hormone

• adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

prolactin (PRL)

• stimulates milk production in mammary glands

thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

• activates release of thyroid hormones

follicle-stimulating

• formation of ova or sperm

luteinizing hormone

• stimulates ovulation in females and androgen in men

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

• triggers release of cortisol from adrenal glands

pineal

• melatonin: involved in sleep-wake cycle

neck and chest

• thyroid

• parathyroid

• thymus

thyroid

• thyroxine (T4)

• triiodothyronine (T3)

• calcitonin

thyroxine (T4)

• increases rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development

triiodothyronine (T3)

• stimulates nervous system in wakefulness, alertness, responsiveness to external stimuli

parathyroid

• raises blood calcium

thymus

• helps make T cells

abdomen/pelvin

• adrenal glands

• pancreas (both endo & exo)

• gonads (overies & testes)

adrenal medulla

• epinephrine

• norepinephrine

• prepares for fight or flight response by stimulating an adrenaline rush into blood stream

epinephrine

• works on heart

norepinephrine

• works on blood vessels

adrenal cortex

• glucocorticoids

• mineralcorticoids

glucocorticoids

• steroid hormones that play a role in glucose, protein, and fat metabolism

• ex: cortisol

mineralcorticoids

• steroid hormones that play a role in salt and water balance

• ex: aldosterone

pancreas

• insulin

• glucagon

insulin

• controls blood sugar levels and metabolism - turns food into energy

glucagon

• helps regulate blood glucose levels

gonads

• estrogen

• progesterone

• androgen

estrogen

• steroid hormone develops female sex characteristics

progesterone

• creates healthy uterine lining for menstrual cycle and pregnancy

androgen

• develops male sexual reproduction and characteristics

endocrine

• releases hormones into their surroundings

• no special ducts

• function cells: gastrin & HCl

exocrine

• a gland that makes substances and releases them through a duct or opening to the body

hormones

• a regulatory substance products in an organisms and transported in tissue fluids to stimulate specific cells or tissue into action

• function: hormones bind to specific target cells and will cause some kind of action to occur

  • hormone → receptor → target cells

hormone biomolecules

• derived from amino acids (polypeptides) and lipids (steroids)