Organizing the human body Ameyaa Ranjan p8

• Cytology: The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells.

• A cell membrane, or plasma membrane: Surrounds every cell, separating it from the external environment. It is considered a selective semipermeable membrane since it determines what enters and leaves the cell.

• The nucleus: Controls the cell. It is responsible for the main function and reproduction of the cell.

• Cytoplasm: A semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane. This is where chemical reactions occur.

• Electrolytes: Compounds made up of charged particles called ions.

• Cations: Positively-charged ions that create acids.

• Anions: Negatively charged ions that create bases.

• The pH: A fluid measurement of the presence of acids and bases.

• Muscle cells: Long, slender cells within muscle tissue. They allow muscles to contract and relax.

• Epithelial cells: Flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs.

• Fat cells: Contain large, empty spaces to store fat.

• Nerve cells: Cells that tend to be long with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses.

• Blood cells: Cells that vary in size and shape according to their function.

• Sex cells: Gametes produced by meiosis; the ovum (female sex cell) is the largest cell in the body and the sperm (male sex cell) is the smallest.

• Anabolism: A building-up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules, or groups of two or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties.

• Aplasia: Condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally.

• Carcinogenesis: Formation of development of cancer.

• Endocytosis: Process in which substances are brought inside a cell.

• Eukaryotic: Having a clearly defined nucleus.

• Exocytosis: Process in which substances are transported outside of a cell.

• Histogenesis: Production of tissues.

• Hypertonic: Having a greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking.

• Hypotonic: Having a lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling.

• Isotonic: Having equal pressure or concentration inside and outside of a cell.

• Lysosomes: Organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells.

• Prokaryotic: No clearly defined nucleus.

• Histology: The study of the structure and function of tissues.

• Simple epithelium: Tissue with one layer of cells.

• Stratified epithelieum: Tissue with more than one layer.

• Squamous: Flat shape.

• Cuboidal: Cube-shaped.

• Columnar: Cells shaped like columns.

• Dense connective tissue: Bone, cartilage.

• Loose connective tissue: Nerve cells, blood vessels.

• Adipose tissue: Also referred to as fat, provide heat-retaining insulation.

• Liquid connective tissue: Blood, lymph.

• Skeletal muscle, or voluntary muscle: Muscle attached to bones that works with the musculoskeletal system to generate movement at will.

• Cardiac muscle: Muscle only found in the heart that is responsible for the pumping function of the heart.

• Smooth muscle, or visceral muscle, or involuntary muscle: Muscle lining the walls of hollow organs, like those in the digestive tract, which cannot be consciously controlled.

• Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands; protects the body by acting as a physical barrier against pathogens, harmful chemicals, and ultraviolet rays of the sun, regulates body temperature and fluid balance, produces vitamin D, and provides sensory information.

• Skeletal System: Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons; provides support and shape for the body, protects internal organs and tissues, produces blood cells, and stores calcium and minerals.

• Muscular System: Muscles; allows voluntary and involuntary body movement and produces heat through energy generated by muscles.

• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves; transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body.

• Endocrine System: Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads; produces hormones and regulates body functions, including metabolism, mood, growth, development of cells/tissues, and reproductive development/function.

• Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; delivers life-sustaining oxygen to body tissues and organs, expels carbon dioxide, filters airborne pollutants and some microorganisms, and regulates pH levels in the body.

• Cardiovascular (“Circulatory”) System: Heart, blood vessels; pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries carbon dioxide and other chemical wastes for elimination.

• Lymphatic (“Immune”) System: Spleen, lymph nodes, vessels, and tissues, thymus, bone marrow; protects the body from microorganisms that cause disease and maintains a proper balance of blood and lymphatic fluid.

• Digestive System: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus; responsible for the ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients and removes solid waste products from the body as feces.

• Urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; filters blood to remove waste products and regulates electrolytes and fluid balance in the body.

• Reproductive System: Female (mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina) and Male (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland); allows human beings to produce offspring.