MCAT, dont study this. I am building free flashcards while i study. i cant afford anki rn

Vector in DNA experiments

A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to artificially carry DNA fragments to other cells.

Whenever a question mentions measuring concentration spectrophotometrically you should use:

Beer-Lambert’s law. A = ecL (where A is absorbance, e is molar absorptivity, c is concentration, and L is path length)

acceleration formula is:

accel = (v final - v initial)/(t final - t initial)

endoplasmic reticulum

cholesterol esterification occurs here

finding the distance in velocity vs time graphs

you must find the area.

anticholinergic, treated by benzodiazepines

this acronym is for this diagnosis:

Red as a beet

Hot as a hare

Dry as a bone

Mad as a hatter

what happens during the transition from endosome to lysome

endosome proton pumps start pumping in H+ ions. pH becomes more acidic. low pH activates hydrolytic enzymes. breaks down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs.

incomplete penetrance

scenario where the carrier of the gene mutation will sometimes but not always develop the disease. ie: father in second generation doesn’t have disease but children do

Changes in basal cellular protein levels leading to loss of cell cycle control

Cellular pathology of all types of cancer.

Zinc finger proteins

proteins that regulate gene expression and RNA metabolism. (ex: ZNF9)

What do zinc finger proteins do when bound to DNA?

They either turn on or off the cell’s machinery to read the gene and make RNA.

what do zinc finger proteins do when bound to RNA?

they splice and rejoin rna transcripts into functional mature rna and control how long RNA molecule can last before being degraded

1 KDa = 1000 Da = ??? (g/mol)

1000 g/mol

because: Da = g/mol

Number of moles’ equation

Mass (g) / Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Silent Mutation

Missense Mutation

Nonsense Mutation

what is this mutation

Frameshift Mutation

what is the mutation group called?

Types of Point Mutations

Loss of Function Mutation

Type of mutation when there is a defective form of “thing” or a lack of “thing” completely.

chemotaxis

movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus

integral protein

ONLY proteins that affect membrane transport/trafficking. These proteins pass all the way through the cell membrane.

scaffold proteins

soluble proteins. found in cytoplasm, and not associated with cellular membranes

peripheral proteins/extrinsic proteins

Proteins that are not embedded in lipid bilayer and floats around.

Primary active transport uses what?

uses energy, usually ATP, to directly move molecules across membrane.

secondary active transport

instead of ATP, uses indirect energy such as energy stores in the form of ion gradient

hypo-osmotic conditions result in what happening to cells?

cell swelling

hyper-osmotic conditions cause cells to what?

cell shrinkage

eukaryotic cells

mitosis only occurs in this type of cell

conjugation

the transferring of genetic material through cell-cell contact

binary fission

asexual reproduction process for prokaryotes