Social Psych Final AI
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72 Terms
What is prosocial behavior?
Voluntary behavior carried out to benefit another person.
What is egoistic helping?
Helping where the main goal is to increase the helper’s own welfare.
What is altruistic helping?
Helping where the goal is to benefit another person without expecting anything in return.
What is the bystander intervention model?
A theory explaining that helping depends on a five-step decision-making process.
What are the 5 steps of the bystander intervention model?
Notice something unusual
Decide if help is needed
Determine responsibility
Decide how to help
Take action
What is the stimulus overload effect?
When too many sights and sounds make it hard to notice emergencies.
What is the audience inhibition effect?
People avoid helping because they fear being judged negatively by others.
Who developed the bystander intervention model?
John Darley and Bibb Latane.
What was the Kitty Genovese case?
A 1964 case where many bystanders reportedly witnessed an attack but did not intervene quickly.
How can prosocial behavior be learned?
Through observation and direct reinforcement.
How do prosocial video games affect behavior?
They can increase helping behavior and intervention in emergencies.
What is aggression?
Behavior intended to harm or injure a person, oneself, or an object.
What is instrumental aggression?
Aggression used to achieve another goal or reward.
What is hostile aggression?
Aggression where the main goal is to hurt or injure someone.
What is social learning theory?
The idea that behavior is learned through observing, imitating, and being rewarded or punished.
What was the Bobo Doll Study?
A study showing children imitate aggressive adult behavior.
What are aggressive scripts?
Stored mental guides for aggressive behavior and problem-solving.
How does media violence affect aggression?
Exposure to violent media can increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors.
What role does reinforcement play in aggression?
Rewarded aggression is more likely to continue.
What personality traits are linked to aggression?
Irritability, rumination, and emotional susceptibility.
How is narcissism related to aggression?
Higher narcissism is strongly linked to aggressive and violent behavior.
How do violent video games influence behavior?
They are associated with aggressive thoughts and rehearsal of aggressive scripts.
What is interpersonal attraction?
The desire to approach other people.
What is the need to belong?
The need to interact with others and be socially accepted.
What is social comparison theory?
We evaluate ourselves by comparing our thoughts and actions with others.
What is social exchange theory?
People maintain relationships where rewards outweigh costs.
What is the matching hypothesis?
People are attracted to others who are similar to them.
What is the mere exposure effect?
Repeated exposure increases familiarity and liking.
What is social anxiety?
Fear and discomfort caused by concern over social evaluation.
What is the illusion of transparency?
Overestimating how much others notice your thoughts and emotions.
What is loneliness?
Feeling that your social relationships are less satisfying than desired.
How can social media affect body image?
Exposure to “ideal” images can increase body dissatisfaction.
What is kin selection?
The idea that people are more likely to help relatives because it increases survival of shared genes.
What is diffusion of responsibility?
When people feel less personally responsible to help because other bystanders are present.
What did the “Smoke Study” examine?
How the presence of others affects whether people respond to emergencies.
Why are people less likely to help in crowded cities?
Because of stimulus overload and population density.
What happens during Step 4 of the bystander intervention model?
People decide the appropriate way to help.
What happens during Step 5 of the bystander intervention model?
People either act to help or remain passive.
Why might children fail to help in emergencies?
They may lack confidence or knowledge about what to do.
What is prosocial reinforcement?
When helping behavior is rewarded, increasing the likelihood it will happen again.
What is extinction in aggression learning?
Aggressive behavior decreases when it is no longer rewarded.
What is observational learning?
Learning behavior by watching and imitating others.
Who are the strongest role models for children?
Parents and other nurturing authority figures.
What did Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study prove?
Children imitate aggressive behavior they observe in adults.
What increases imitation in the Bobo Doll Study?
Children imitate more when the aggressive model is rewarded.
What are aggressive scripts?
Stored expectations for how aggressive situations should unfold.
How does violent television affect children?
It increases aggressive play and aggressive problem-solving.
How do violent lyrics affect listeners?
They can increase aggressive thoughts and hostility.
What did the “Freezing Cold Study” show?
Violent song lyrics increased aggressive reactions toward others.
Why are violent video games especially influential?
Players actively rehearse aggression and receive rewards for violent behavior.
According to evolutionary theory, why might aggression exist?
Because aggression may have helped survival and reproduction.
What is indirect aggression?
Aggression that harms others socially or emotionally rather than physically.
How do men and women differ in aggression patterns?
Men show more physical aggression, while women more often use indirect aggression.
What personality trait is strongly linked to aggression?
Narcissism
What is irritability?
A tendency to explode at slight provocation.
What is rumination?
Holding onto anger after being provoked.
What hormone is commonly connected to aggression?
Testosterone
What is the tend-and-befriend model?
A stress response where people seek social support and protect relationships.
What hormone is linked to bonding and affiliation?
Oxytocin
What is the mere exposure effect?
Repeated exposure to someone increases liking for them.
Why does proximity increase attraction?
People tend to form friendships with those physically close to them.
What happens to belongingness when people are socially excluded?
Stress, anxiety, sadness, and anger increase.
What is social pain?
The emotional pain from rejection that activates similar brain areas as physical pain.
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
Collectivist cultures emphasize deep long-term relationships, while individualist cultures focus on many casual relationships.
What is a relational self-concept?
Defining yourself through emotional relationships and social connections.
What is an independent self-concept?
Defining yourself through independence and personal achievement.
What did Schachter’s anxiety study find?
People under stress prefer to wait with others experiencing the same stress.
What is social anxiety?
Fear of negative social evaluation and loss of status.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in social anxiety?
Anxiety causes behaviors that reinforce fears of rejection.
How can supportive friends reduce social anxiety?
They help socially anxious people feel more competent and relaxed.
What health problems are linked to loneliness?
Depression, sleep issues, obesity, high blood pressure, and weaker immunity.
How is loneliness different from simply being alone?
Loneliness is about dissatisfaction with relationships, not the amount of interaction.