CHAPTER 1 PSYCH 1010

three traits of a scientific attitude?

1. curiosity

2. skepticism

3. humility

What were psychology's first schools of thought? Who pioneered them?

Titchener - Structuralism

James - Functionalism

When was the first psychology laboratory founded? Founder?

• 1879

• Wilhelm Wundt

Who was the first female APA president?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Who was Calkins’ tutor?

William James

Who was the leading behaviourist? Who are its founders?

• B.F Skinner

• John B Watson & Rosalie Rayner
  
  

What is the core idea of behaviourism?

• Inner thoughts/feelings cannot be measured, therefore shouldn't be considered in psychology

Who was Wilhelm Wundt? (2)

• Founder of first psychology lab

• philosopher & physiologist

Who was William James?

• Founder of functionalism

• Philosopher

What is psychoanalytic psychology?

Studies how behaviour is affected by the unconscious mind & childhood experiences

What is humanistic psychology?

Rejection of Freudian and Behaviourist definitions; emphasis on love and acceptance

definition of contemporary/modern psychology

The science of behaviour and mental processes

What are psychology's three main levels of analysis?

1. Biological

2. Psychological/Learned

3. Social-cultural (or interpersonal)

What are 3common flaws in commonsense thinking?

Hindsight bias

overconfidence

tendency to percieve patterns in random events

What does it mean for a society/culture to be post-truth?

• people's emotions & personal beliefs often override their acceptance of objective facts

What is an operational definition in a study?

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures or operations used in a research study

In a study, what is preregistration?

Public communication of planned study design, hipotheses, data collection and analyses before a study is carried out

What is the difference between misinfo and disinfo?

DISINFORMATION: intentionally false

MISINFORMATION: can be intentional/unintentional

What is the goal of descriptive research?

To provide a clear, accurate picture of people's behaviours, thoughts & attributes.

What is the correlation coefficient?

Index of direction & strength of the relationship between two things from -1.00 to 1.00

do correlation coefficients tell us anything about cause and effect?

no.

What is illusory correlation?

Perception of a relationship between two variables when little to none actually exists

What is regression towards the mean?

Tendency for extreme/unusual scores to regress toward the average

What is a double-blind procedure?

Neither study participants nor those administrating the treatment know who has been given a placebo.

What is the confounding variable?

Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect.

What is the starting point of any science/experiment?

Factor other than independent variables that might produce an effect

What is the point of the experimental research method?

To explore cause & effect

What is a standard deviation?

Computed measure of how much scores differ from the mean.

what is inferencial statistics?

the use of statistical methods to interpret data meaningfully

What does it mean to have statistical significance?

It is likely that an obtained result was NOT obtained by choice

(term) the assumption that no difference exists between two groups

null hypothesis

When can the null hypothesis be rejected?

When the p-value is <.05, or less than 5%

what does a good theory do?

Organizes observed facts and implies hypotheses that offer testable predictions/practical applications.

What does it mean for a study to be longitudinal?

Study takes place over a long period of time

What does it mean for a study to be quasi-experimental?

evaluates intervention w/o the use of random assignment

What is the difference between sample results and a measure of variation?

• sample results inform about the larger/general population

• measures of variation show how diverse data is.