Test 2 - Earthquakes

1906

year of San Francisco earthquake

China

earliest recorded earthquake location

1964 Alaskan earthquake

had bigger magnitude than San Francisco earthquake

landslides, nuclear bombs, volcanoes, plate tectonics, meteorites

earthquake causes

fault size

microscopic to thousands of kms

dip

direction/measurement of fault plane’s slope

normal fault

hanging wall falls

primary waves

name for p-waves

body waves

have a higher frequency than surface waves

only solids

only thing s-waves can travel through

only crust

only place surface waves can travel

seismic waves

help determine size/location of earthquake, monitors volcanic activity and nuclear explosions, and probing of earth’s interior

reverse fault

hanging wall rises

epicenter location

above the focus and triangulated by 3 seismic stations

earthquake predictability

unpredictable and uncontrolable

underwater slips

can cause tsunamis

several million

number of earthquakes yearly

gas escaping from earth

early thought to what earthquakes were

1177

year of earliest earthquake

1906 San Francisco

one of the most destructive earthquakes recorded

fault plane

where all the action happens

strike slip

walls that move sideways

seimometer

suspended weight that detects motion

p-wave arrival time

first to arrive at seismic station

s-wave arrival time

second to arrive at seismic station

earthquake size

based on fault area and distance rocks moved

100%

percent chance of earthquake happening today

seimologist

people who work to understand earthquakes

1964

year that earthquake research increased

earthquake

sudden movement of earth caused by built-up strain between rocks

Mexico and Peru

countries with earliest earthquake in the Americas

Missouri

big earthquake in 1800’s

fault

crack in earth where 2 sides move relative to each other

fault trace, fault plane, hanging wall, foot wall

4 parts to a fault

fault trace

line a fault makes on earth

seismic wave

waves of energy produced by an earthquake

body and surface waves

types of seismic waves

p-wave speed

fasted seismic wave

surface waves

most damaging seismic wave

focus

earthquake origin point underground

tens to thousands of kms long

fault size of large earthquake

strike and slip

2 major effects earthquakes can cause

ring of fire

area most likely to experience an earthquake

subsidence

can disrupt lifelines and harbors

shaking

greatest threat of an earthquake

aftershocks

can finish off structures already damaged

liquefaction

occurs when sharing turns solid ground into mud

ground offset

can cut lifelines that cross faults

seismometer (weight) and seismograph (computer/drum)

instruments that measure earthquakes

surface (crust), p waves (solid and liquid), s waves (solid)

waves and locations

4 benefits of earthquakes

size and location, volcanic activity, nuclear explosions, interior earth probing

normal, reverse, and strike slip

3 types of faults

pinpoint location, measure their size, and building strategies

3 things learned about earthquakes

scotia plate

no countries located here

juan de fuca plate

plate that’s mostly underwater

panama plate

october 9th was most recent earthquake

eurasian plate

Indonesia is most common to have earthquakes

nazca plate

500-1000 earthquakes yearly on this plate

north american plate

yellowstone is a hot spot

antarctic plate

0 deaths have occurred on this plate

arabian plate

located in the middle east