Kin104

Central Nervous System

System comprised of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

nerves outside CNS, includes sensory and motor nerves

Grey matter

composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals, site of synaptic connections

White matter

consists mainly of axons and forms pathways between grey matter areas

Afferent neurons

brings sensory information to the CNS

Efferent neurons

Controls tissues like skeletal muscle, carrying signals away from the CNS

Synapse

the structure permitting communication between two neurons

Action potential

change in membrane potential that travels along a cell membrane, functioning as an electrical signal

Astrocytes

the glial cells that are most abundant in the CNS that are important for the blood-brain barrier and synaptic function

Oligodendrocytes

glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS

Electroencephalography (EEG)

technique that uses a cap with multiple electrodes on the scalp to measure the superficial electrical activity of the brain

Sarcomere

fundamental unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle, composed of myofilaments

Sliding filament theory

explains the mechanism of muscle contraction involving cross-bridge cycling and myofilaments sliding past each other

Electromyography (EMG)

measures the electrical activity produced by muscles (action potentials)

Reaction time

the time it takes the CNS to sense, process and initiate a response to a stimulus 

Movement time

the time from the onset of muscle activation to the end of a response, not including a reaction time

Simple reaction time

reaction time task where there is only one stimulus and one corresponding response

Choice reaction time

reaction time task where multiple different stimuli are presented each requiring a different response

Agonist

muscle primarily responsible for a movement

Antagonist

muscle that opposes the movement of the agonist

Moment

a force which tends to change the rotational motion of an object (calculated by multiplying force by the moment arm)

Dynamometer

a device used to measure force moment or power

Force plate

instrument used to measure ground reaction forces

Macronutrients

compounds which humans consume in the largest quantities and that provide the majority of required energy 

Basal Metabolic rate

energy required to maintain normal bodily functions at rest in a fasted state

Kinematics

describes motion without regards to its causes

Kinetics

Studies the forces that cause motion

Lipids

primary role is to store energy, provide 9 kcal of energy per gram

Carbs

primary energy source, providing 4 kcal per gram

Proteins

Structural building blocks, provides 4kcal per gram

Vitamin C

ascorbic acid

Vitamin A

retinol

Vitamin D

calciferol

Vitamin E

alpha tocopherol

Vitamin K

phylloquinone

Vitamin B

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12

Minerals

essential inorganic elements needed for development and function. ex. Calcium(Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+)

Microglia

glial cells considered immune cells in CNS

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in number of cells

Angiogenesis

growth or formation of new blood vessels, such as capillaries

Neurogenesis

creation of new neurons

Synaptogenesis

creation of new synapses

Gold standard for measuring the nervous system

MRI

Ependymal cells

regulate production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid

Myofilaments

composed of mainly actin and myosin (make up sarcomeres)

Myofibril

many many sarcomeres arranged in sequence

Muscle cell

many myofibrils

motor neuron

neuron that synapses with a skeletal muscle cell (activation)

Motor unit

one motor neuron and all of the skeletal cells that it innervates(supplies neurons to tissues)

Neuromuscular junction

synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell

Muscle action potential

depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma)

Pros of intramuscular EMG

very accurate and direct

Con of intramuscular EMG

very intricate technique

Pros of surface EMG

less invasive, easier

Cons of surface EMG

less accurate, it can pickup activity from other muscles

Stimulus-response

Stimulus, sensory(eyes), afferent neurons, cortical(processing), motor, efferent neurons, skeletal muscles activated

Biomechanics

study of the effects and control of forces that act on and are produced by living beings.

total daily energy expenditure

sum of BMR 60%, physical activity 30%, thermic effect of feeding 10%

body composition

the distribution of body mass between fat-free tissue and fat mass

DEXA and hydrodensiometer

gold standards for measuring body composition

benefits of more capillaries

capillary-fibre ratio, greater oxygen diffusive exchange, improved VO2 max

neuroplasticity

ability of the nervous system to change connections and behaviour

gliogenesis

creation of new glial cells

how do bones adapt

in response to strength of mechanical stimulus

osteogenesis

formation of bone

osteoblast

build bone

osteoclast

bone reabsorption

wolff’s law

relative amount of bone growth or reabsorption is in response to the forces applied to the bone

Gold standard of assessing bone health

DEXA

principles of training

specificity, overload and recovery, progression, reversibility, individuality

anterior

refers to the front of the body

posterior

refers to the back of the body

medial

towards the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

inferior

position below another part of the body

superior

position above another part of the body

proximal

position in a limb that is nearer to point of attachment

distal

position in a limb that is farther from point of attachment

4 upper limb bones

scapula, humerus, ulna, radius

4 lower limb bones

pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula

4 upper limb muscles

Deltoid (anterior, middle, posterior), Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, and Triceps brachii

3 hamstring muscles

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris

quadriceps

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis

stride

sequence between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot

gait cycle

consists of the stance phase 60% and swing phase 40%

five sub-phases of the stance phase

heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off

three sub-phases of the swing phase

acceleration, midswing, deceleration