BILOGY EXAM 4

protein that binds and inhibits the active site of separase

securin

binds and phosphorylates histone H1, separase, and lamins

MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor / M-phase Promoting Factor).

rises in concentration during G2 to promote entry into M-phase (mitosis)

Cyclin B

bonds to internucleosomal regions of chromatin to space nucleosomes and blocks sites at which condensins could bind

histone H1

Complete attachments of the required number of spindle fibers releases _____ which acts as a ubiquitin ligase for cyclinB and securin

Cdc20

guided into the active site of cdk by cyclin B to activate nuclear membrane breakdown

lamin

cytoplasmic protein that can bond to DNA between nucleosomes (when access is provided when nuclear envelope breakdown occurs and histone H1 is removed) so as to create tight looping of chromatin

condensin

Insufficiently spindled kinetochores produce a "jail" cell called the MCC (mitosis checkpoint complex) for ______ to prevent separation of identical sister chromatids.

cdc20

At ______ phosphate removal from histone H1 causes chromatin deconsensation, and from lamins, reassembly of the nuclear envelope

Telophase

protein attached by cdc20 to target proteins within the APC for proteolysis to release separase

ubiquitin

freed separase cuts ____ to initiate anaphase

cohesin

motor protein of the kinetochore that exerts tension during metaphase and movement during anaphase along spindle fibers towards the spindle poles (centrioles)

Kinesin

a cleavage furrow develops between future daughter cells by the contraction of a ______ ring by cellular myosins. during cytokinesis.

actin

provides the kinase function within MPF

cdk

motor protein that separates centrioles away from each other towards opposite sides of the actin cortex on astral microtubules

dynein

activated substrate used to feed transcription

NTP

enzymatic high-energy intermediate produced during the two step process of aminoacylation of tRNAs

Aminoacyl-AMP

process used to duplicate chromosomes' genetic information

Replication

product of ribosome action that performs a specific cellular function

Protein

"enzyme" that performs translation

Ribosome

byproduct of translation

tRNA

activated substrate used to feed translation

aminoacyl-tRNA

double-stranded molecule that is the source of genetic information

DNA

enzyme that performs replication

DNA polymerase

type of monomer linked in protein polymers

Amino Acid

type of monomer linked in DNA polymers

deoxyribonucleotide

molecular source of energy used to make the activated substrate for translation

ATP

activated substrate used to feed replication

dNTP

enzyme that produces the activated substrate for translation

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

process used to produce proteins

translation

single-stranded temporary copy of genetic information that is decoded by the ribosome

mRNA

enzyme that performs transcription

RNA polymerase

byproduct common to replication, transcription, AND aminoacylation of tRNA

P-Pi

triplet sequence of ribonucleotides found in each tRNA that base-pairs to specific codons

anticodon

process used to produce RNAs

transcription

triplet sequence of ribonucleotides within the mRNA that is interpreted by the ribosome to put the correct monomer into a growing protein chain

Codon

type of monomer linked in RNA polymers

ribonucleotide

After S phase is completed the identical sister chromatids are bundled together in large loops of _____s.

Cohens

Protein that responds to a series of kinases activated by a cell surface growth receptor's tyrosine kinase function to promote the expression of proteins that activate entry into S phase.

Treslin

In eukaryotic replication, DNA polymerases are enhanced in their processive replication of millions of base-pairs without falling off by the clamp called _____.

PCNA

Cyclin A binds to a ____ to guide it to bind and phosphorylate its substrates.

Cdk

Signaling protein that binds to a receptor on the cell surface to activate progression through the cell cycle.

EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)

When a replication bubble first opens, what must be put in place in order to allow DNA polymerases to copy chromosomal DNA?

RNA primer

Transcription factor that binds to DNA specific sequences and when phosphorylated leads to expression of cyclin A during G1.

Fos

Critical protein that is phosphorylated by Start kinase to activate the beginning of replication by removing inhibitors of topoisomerase II.

Treslin

What is the name of the gap between newly synthesized DNA strands that is commonly found during lagging strand synthesis?

Nick

Enzyme that opens up replication forks using ATP hydrolysis.

Helicase

Each of the 1000 base pieces produced during lagging strand DNA synthesis is called a ______ fragment.

Okazaki

Prokaryotic enzyme that removes RNA primers using its 5'-3' exonuclease function as it replaces them with DNA.

DNA Pol I

What enzyme interconnects the gaps between newly synthesized DNA strands found in lagging strand synthesis?

DNA ligase

What protein prevents tangling of the DNA template that accumulates between repriming events during lagging strand DNA synthesis?

topoisomerase II

Enzyme that does most of the replication in prokaryotes (in bacteria such as E. coli).

DNA Pol III

Enzyme responsible for relieving the buildup of positive supercoils in DNA that results from the opening of replication forks.

topoisomerase II

during the day, excess fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can be used in a few steps to store energy in a polymer called _____.

Amylose

for every 3 carbon dioxides fixed by the Calvin Cycle, one extra _____ is made which can be exported to the plant cell cytoplasm

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)

To make it possible to remove the oxygen of a carboxylate in 3-phosphoglycerate it must be kinased to form _____ (an activated substrate).

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

molecule of the Calvin Cycle that had been reduced by a hydride provided by NADPH

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Hydrolysis of the six-carbon intermediate in Rubisco results in the production of 2 _____s.

3-phosphoglycerate

The #3 carbon's C-H bond's pair of electrons in _____ are used to fix carbon dioxide as a carboxylate at carbon #2.

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

transfers electrons that were excited at P700 directly to the Calvin Cycle

NAPDH

transfers electrons that were excited at P700 directly to the Calvin Cycle

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

When 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates continue further into the Calvin Cycle one is converted to ____ to prepare for aldol condensation.

DHAP

The phosphate replacement reaction produces what substrate for the Rubisco enzyme?

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

One of the #3 carbon's C-H bond pair of electrons in _____ become the C3-C4 bonding electrons of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during aldol condensation.

DHAP

Within the Calvin Cycle, aldol condensation is used to make _____.

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

For every five fructose-1,6-bisphosphates progressing into the "complicated skeletal rearrangements" portion of the Calvin Cycle six _____s emerge.

ribulose-5-phosphate

mutli-atomic "wire" entities that conduct electrons within photosystem I AND within ferredoxin to donate electrons to the reductase enzyme of the Z scheme of photophosphorylation

iron-sulfur cluster

oxidized by cytochrome b6-f to deliver protons to the thylakoid space side of the thylakoid membrane

plastoquinol

collective entity to which 4 individual electrons first go before being fed one at a time into photosystem II

manganese (Mn) cluster

primary source of electrons that is used to drive photophosphorylation

water

copper-liganded (Cu²⁺) protein which is freely soluble in the thylakoid space that docks with and is reduced by cytochrome b6-f (to the Cu⁺state) which will be oxidized by photosystem I

plastocyanin

molecule which becomes reduced and protonated by H⁺s coming from the stroma by photosystem II to begin the process of shuttling those protons to the thylakoid space side of the thylakoid membrane

plastoquinone

reduced molecule which carries the excited state electrons of the Z scheme to be donated to the Calvin cycle

NADPH

extremely low energy, long waveform stack of two chlorophylls to which electrons enter one at a time to become excited by photons within photosystem II

P680

process that utilizes the proton gradient within the thylakoid space to drive the steps of ATP synthesis

chemiosmosis

low energy stack of chlorophylls within photosystem I to  which electrons are donated one at a time by the Cu⁺ liganded protein to be excited to their highest energy state within the Z scheme of photophosphorylation

P700