APUSH UNIT 6 TEST

What was the Dawes Act? (1837)

• The Dawes Act was an issue signed by Grover Cleveland to divide U.S land, based on Native American family size.

• The Native Americans were left with poor agricultural land, new illnesses such as influenza and measles. (About 100,000 died due to disease)

• Broke up tribal ties and ended in culture assimilation.

• The amount of the land that the Native Americans also significantly decreased to just 160 acres across America.

• Poverty arose as many sold their land to the highest bidder to make ends meet.

• They were able to gain citizenship after staying on these private lots for 25 years.

• Overturned in FDR’s New Deal

What is the Turner Thesis?

• A thesis created by Frederick Jackson Turner that questioned whether social and class divided would arise in the western frontier.

• Written in the “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”

• Turner hypothesizes that stopping westward expansion, which had not been done for 300 years, would harm democracy in America.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law banning further immigration of Chinese immigrants

What motivated the Chinese Exclusion Act?

The influx of Chinese immigrants had upset American workers, claiming that their wages were being cut bc of them and that they were stealing jobs.

What was the economic role of the West and the South after the Civil War?

• They both supplied raw materials such as cotton, tobacco, amd timber.

  • They were able to supply these raw materials to the North to make a profit.

How did the West change after the Civil War?

• Westward expansion was accelerating (was already in motion with Manifest Destiny before the Civil War)

• People began to move into the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau and the “Great American Desert”

  • Over farming and deforestation became issues and many Native Americans lost their land.

• The Frontier had disappeared and the west became more mechanized with railroads.

What was the Cattle Frontier?

Cattle was moved across the Great Plains by cowboys in order to increase meat shipments to industrial towns.

What motivated the Cattle Frontier?

The realization that there was a lot of open land between Texas and Canada that cattle could be raised on.

What led to end of the cattle frontier?

• Soil degradation

• Deforestation

• Natural Disaster

  • Made raising cattle much harder

What was an American cowboy?

A cowboy was a man, usually of African-American or Mexican descent. They were the stereotypical cowboys that were tough and independent.

What challenges did the homesteaders face?

• Adverse weather conditions (dry climate)

• Extreme isolation

• Little natural resources

• They had to fend for themselves

• Crops were not viable

• People had trouble distinguishing their property as wood was not available.

How did Western Settlement impact the Native Americans?

• Native Americans watched their land be taken from them

  • Transformed into mining locations, cattle farms, and ranches.

• Native Americans were people that liked to hunt for food, but couldn’t due to the lack of land.

  • They began to follow the ways of the Americans and raise cattle as well.

• Native Americans were forced out of their homes or even killed due to the reservation system.

• Indian Wars broke; the U.S army was responsible for many massacres

What was the government’s intent in creating the reservation system?

• They intended to suppress the size of “Indian Country” to land west of the Mississippi River.

• Culture Assimilation (culturecide)

• They wanted to bring Native Americans under their control

How did FDR’s New Deal address challenges Indians groups faced in the prior century?

• Granted U.S Citizenship to all American Indians, regardless of time spent on their designated land or their behavior.

• The federal govt issued the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) to grant the Native Americans cultivable land.

  • The Govt realized that they had destroyed multiple cultures and aimed to restore Native American customs and order.

Why did the Conservation Movement grow during the 1890s?

The Anglo-Saxons had begun the process of deforestation, most likely in the name of modernization. As these forests were being cut down, protests for preserving and ethically using national land for resources arose.

What pushed congress to preserve landmarks such as Yellowstone and Yosemite Valley?

Paintings and Photographs of the western land

When was Yellowstone addressed as the first national park?

1872

What are the differences between conservationists and preservationists?

• Conservationists:

  • Land should be used ethically (regulated use)

  • Allows for human interference for resources like timber and fish.

  • Scientific Management

• Preservationists:

  • Land should remain untouched by humans

  • Prohibits taking resources from a certain space

  • Sierra Club led by John Muir.

How were Spanish-Speaking people affected after the Mexican American War?

• They were guaranteed property rights and granted citizenship

• They often sold or lost their land to New Anglo-Saxon homesteaders.

• They moved to find work such as in the beet fields and mines.

Where were the injustices done to American Indians written?

In the A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson (1881).

What were the 3 Cs in Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal?

1. Conservation

   1. Establishment of national parks

2. Consumer Protection

   1. Pure Food and Drug Act: adulterated or mislabeled food cannot be sold

   2. Meat Inspection Act: the meat industry had to have their products inspected regularly to make sure they were up to sanitary code.

3. Control of Corporations

   1. Trust Busting

   2. TR attacked Rockefeller’s Standard Oil

What were the Jim Crow Laws?

• State and local laws that enforced and legalized racial segregation. Supported the “Separate but Equal” Doctrine.

• Relegated African Americans to the status of second-class citizens.

• Was passed after Plessy vs. Ferguson case

• Similar to Dred Scott case: stated that African Americans were not citizens

Who were the progressives?

• Activists who wanted to preserve capitalism but disliked the laissez-faire system.

• They vouched for government protection and protect the freedoms of the people

• Combined Protestant beliefs in their values

What was NAWSA?

National American Women’s Suffrage Association.

Ran by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

What is a settlement house?

A residency in poor urban neighborhoods where progressive journalists would report on the poor conditions.

What was Jacob Riis known for?

• Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”

• Close friends with Teddy Roosevelt.

• Photographed tenement residents and their poor living/working conditions.

What was Ida Tarbell known for?

• Exposed Rockefeller’s Standard Oil in her book The History of the Standard Oil Company

• Was featured in McClure’s Magazine

• Led to the Supreme Court breaking up the Standard Oil monopoly

What was Upton Sinclair known for?

• Wrote The Jungle, exposing the meat industry and pushing for a more socialist America.

• Roosevelt read The Jungle and decided to pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

• 
  

What was Ida B. Wells known for?

• An African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States.

• Co-founder of the NAACP and advocate for civil rights.

  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

What was Lincoln Steffens known for?

• Editor of McClure’s Magazine

• Exposed municipal political corruption

• Wrote The Shame of the Cities

What was Jane Addams known for?

• Founded the Hull House

• Leader for middle class women

• Utilized settlement houses

• Advocated for labor laws and public health

• Advocated for women’s suffrage

What is a muckraker?

Someone who exposed the “muck” or the effects of corruption on the lower/middle class’ daily lives.

What is a suffragette?

Women who fought for equal rights for both men and women, using direct action.

Women who sought enfranchisement as they became more politically active in seeking rights for the worker.

Which groups aided in progressivism?

• Muckrakers

• Suffragettes

• Populists

• Temperance

• Middle Class Women

• Labor Unions

• Civil Rights Activists

Who was W.E.B Dubois?

• W.E.B Du Bois was a civil rights activist that wrote the Souls of Black Folk.

What was the Social Gospel Movement?

The combination of Protestant Religion and humanitarian/social work.

What did the muckrakers advocate for?

They wanted government intervention and for big business to be regulated.

Who were the Populists?

“Party of the People” They wanted for bug business to be regulated in order to help the common man and the American farmer.

Which populist ran for President?

William Jennings Bryan

What was the Temperance Movement?

After the Industrial Revolution, people felt as if there was a degradation in social morals due to overt alcohol consumption. Alcohol led to poverty and many women aimed to stop the sale and consumption of alcohol.

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

• Federal Law

• Set up the Interstate Commerce Act (ICC)

• Initially set up to regulate the railroads

• Required railroads rates to be fair and just but did not require the government to fix specific rates

• The first federal law to regulate private industry in the U.S*

What was the first federal law to regulate private industry?

The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

What was the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890?

• A law declaring that any combinations that restrained trade were to be deemed illegal

• Was made to promote competition

• Teddy Roosevelt would use it to break up trusts

• For the first 12 years the law was not enacted

What was the Pendleton Act of 1883?

• A law that replaced the previous spoils system

• A law stating that the method of appointing government employees should be on the basis of competitive examination.

What is initiative?

• Initiative allowed for citizens to introduce legislative proposals at the state or local level through petitions

  • Citizens could place issues directly on the ballot

What is referendum?

• The process of allowing voters to pass judgement on proposed legislation

  • The government proposes the legislation

What is recall?

The process that allows citizens to un-elect officials if they believe they are not doing their job correctly.

How did Teddy Roosevelt handle the coal mine strike of 1902?

• Teddy Roosevelt brought a coal mine worker and a manager to the White House to settle a labor dispute. Management had implemented a wage cut and the laborers were on strike.

• This was significant because

Who proposes the legislation in referendum?

The government

What is the secret ballot?

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?

A law passed by Teddy Roosevelt stating that food that was adulterated or mislabeled could not be sold.

What was the Meat Inspection Act?

• A law passed by Teddy Roosevelt stating that the meat industry or factories had to be inspected regularly.

• TR had read The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and was disturbed by its contents. He then chose to pass this law along with the Pure food and drug act.

What did Teddy Roosevelt mean when he said the presidency was a bully pulpit?

What is the Elkins Act of 1903?

Gave the Interstate Commerce Commision authority to stop railroads from granting lesser costs to favored customers

What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?

• Gave the ICC authority to set maximum railroad rates

• Extended ICC’s authority to ferries, terminals, sleeping cars, and oil pipelines.

What was the Newlands Reclamation Act?

Law providing money from the sale of public land.

What was the Manns-Elkins Act of 1910?

• Gave the ICC power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies.

• Alienated many Progressives including Teddy Roosevelt

• Passed by William Howard Taft

What 3 controversies involved Teddy Roosevelt?

1. Ballinger Pinchot Controversy

2. Payne Aldrich Controversy

   1. Dismantling of U.S Steel

3. Midterm Elections

What was the Ballinger Pinchot Controversy?

The Progressives like and respected the chief of the Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot ( a TR appointee). Richard Ballinger, especially after he opened public lands in Alaska for private development. In 1920, when Pinchot criticized Ballinger. Taft stood by his cabinet member and fired Pinchot.

What was the response from labor to industrialization? Was it successful?

• To create labor unions

  • Knights of labor led by Terrence Powderly

  • American Federation of Labor led by Samuel Gompers

• Protests and Strikes

  • Pullman Strike

  • Haymarket Square Riot

What is Social Darwinism?

A survival of the fittest approach to the wealth gap in the U.S

How would you characterize politics of the late 19th century?

What were the challenges brought about by the Industrial age? 

• Tensions with the Native Americans

  • The Dawes Act

    • Reservations

  • Culture Assimilation

  • Ethnic Cleansing

  • Westward Expansion (Manifest Destiny)

  • Boarding Schools

    • Many children were abused and killed, and then buried in unmarked graves

• Unchecked Capitalism

  • Laissez-faire system

  • Big Business

    • Laborers were overworked

    • Sanitation laws were not put in place

    • Child labor was being used

    • Constant wage cuts (Pullman Strike during economic downturn)

  • Social Darwinism

    • The poor were destined to be poor because of innate geographical reasons or because they were believed to not have worked as hard

    • Survival of the fittest approach to the wealth gap in the U.S

• Tenement Conditions and Immigration

  • Immigrants were often forced to live in crowded tenements with little to no sanitation or housing rules

  • Chinese Exclusion Act

    • Many Chinese immigrants came to the U.S in search of job opportunities and an escape from their previous harmful, oppressive governments

    • They were discriminated against as the Americans believed that immigrants were taking their jobs since they would work for longer and for cheaper

    • Many Chinese weren’t granted citizenship

      • 14th amendment: any person that was born in the U.S is a citizen; someone could be born in the U.S, move back to China, and then return to the U.S and still be a citizen

What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution in America?

• Mass Production

  • Factories were becoming ubiquitous

  • Skilled labor and handcrafted goods were dying out and being replaced by unskilled labor

  • Carnegie Steel was able to be mass produced

    • Bessemer Process was used to mass produce steel

• Technology

  • Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell allowed for local communication

  • Newspapers and magazines was becoming more common to spread news of politics

  • The plane by the Wright Brothers brought on many advancements for local and global travel

  • The elevator allowed for cities to be built upwards instead of out and more people could occupy buildings

    • Used Carnegie steel

• Immigrants

  • Immigrants fueled many of the coal mines and factories

  • They brought diversity to the U.S and formed ethnic neighborhoods in larger cities.

• Type of Work

  • America shifted from an agrarian society to strictly working in factories

  • Wages had also been a bit more steady due the increase in factories

• Railroads

  • Vanderbilt’s railroads allowed for westward expansion to be continued and for industrialization to be continued at a much faster rate

  • Allowed for easier transportation of goods and people

    • Boosted the economy

What was the Prohibition Amendment?

• The 18th amendment: the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages was illegal

• Men would collect their wages and spend them at bars and contributing to prostituion

• Many believed that morals were becoming uncommon because of the influence alcohol had over the American people.

• Temperance Movement: people believed alcohol was causing immorality in the U.S and pushed for the 18th amendment

What is the spoils system and which amendment AND act removed it?

• The Spoils system was officials electing other officials based off of how much they liked each other

  • Often officials who were not in the best interest of the people were elected

• Replaced by the Pendleton Act

  • Replaced spoils system with competitive examination

• Also replaced by the 17th amendment

  • The people could directly elect 2 senators for each state

• Both the Pendleton Act and the 17th amendment aided in promoting direct democracy

What is the importance of the Hull House?

• First settlement house founded by Jane Addams

What was the Pendleton Act?

An act replacing the Spoils system with competitive examination

What was the social gospel?

• The combination of Protestant religion and humanitarian and social work

What was TR’s square deal?

• Equal for management, labor and the public

• Enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and made it stronger with the Clayton Antitrust Act

• 1902 coal strike

What did the Populists want?

• Government Intervention and Big Business takedown

• Free silver and for gold to be used as well

• A gradual income tax

• In support of the common man and the American farmer

What was the 16th amendment?

• Congress could tax money directly from people and business instead of taxes being divided based on a state’s population

Why was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire significant?

• It showcased the hazardous working conditions that women faced

  • Little workplace regulations

Regarding the Teddy Roosevelt administration, consider both the railroad and land conservation and the progressive efforts made. How did he actively defy the laissez-faire government?

• He differentiated good trusts from bad trusts and directly took down J.P Morgan’s railroad corporation

  • He was known as trust-buster but was really a trust-regulator

• He passed the Elkins Act (railroad rebates)

• He passed the Sherman Antitrust Act

• Roosevelt was a conservationist

  • Established a National Park System in the U.S so American land could be used ethically.

• Coal Mine strike of 1902

• Directly interfered with business and did not favor business nor the worker

• Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit or a great platform to share his ideas

What does it mean to have economic, political and social reform? How are each represented in the progressive era?

• Economic: Close the gap between the rich and the poor, stop cutting wages so people could afford living

• Political: eliminate political machines like Boss Tweed, enable direct democracy like the 17th amendment and the Pendleton Act.

• Social reform: adjust the tenement living conditions, labor laws and education systems and regulations had to be put in place

Who is Alice Paul?

• She was a suffragist who heavily supported the 19th amendment

• She campaigned for women’s rights

What was the Atlanta Compromise Speech?

• Written by Booker T. Washington

• Stated that African Americans should exchange their civil rights or accept Jim Crow laws for basic economic needs.

What was direct primary?

• A secret ballot in which voters could not be influenced by govt officials

Who was Lewis Hine?

• A muckraker which exposed the working conditions children endured

• Worked with national child labor committee

What was the Homestead Strike?

• Henry Clay Frick lowered his worker’s wages in order to break up labor unions at Carnegie Steel

• The National Guard was sent to assimilate the union and an assassiation attempt was put on Frick.

• The steelworkers' union lost its power, and the mills remained non-union for decades

What is the Gospel of Wealth?

• An essay Andrew Carnegie wrote that argues the extremely wealthy have a moral obligation to manage and distribute their surplus fortunes for the public good

What were the effects of the Transcontinental Railroad?

• The Transcontinental Railroad allowed for settlers to continue westward expansion and boosted trade and the economy throughout the country. 

• The Native Americans were also forced out of their land in order to build the railroad. 

• Paved the way for the ICC or the Interstate Commerce Commission which would state that railroad rates had to be reasonable and just and could not be lessened for favored customers.