NBCD - Microminerals

Iron

Plays a key role in Oxygen transport and cellular respiration, as part of protein Hb and myoglobin, formation of RBC; cofactor of non-heme enzymes and other proteins

40-50 mg

An adult male contains _____ Fe per kgBW

30-50 mg

An adult female contains _____ Fe per kgBW

Duodenum and Jejunum

Fe is absorbed in this part of the intestines either in the heme or non heme form

False: Ferrous form (Fe 2+) is better than ferric (Fe 3+)

True or False: Ferrous form (2+) is inferior to Ferric (Fe 3+) when it comes to absorption

1. Increased acidity

2. Animal tissue protein

2 factors in enhancing non-heme Fe

Decrease

High dietary Ca and P intakes _______ Fe absorption

Transferrin

After absorption, Fe is carried to the blood bound to the protein called:

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

Fe is stored in the liver in the form of

90%

How much of iron is released in the breakdown of cells?

Vit C

Vitamin that enhances Fe absorption by acting as a reducing agent and forms a chelate with non-heme ferric iron at lower pH. The chelate remains soluble in the SI, thus improving intestinal absorption of non-heme Fe

Fe Deficiency

microcytic hypochromic anemia, weakness, pallor, poor resistance to cold temperature and apathy

Hemosiderosis

A condition with large deposits of Fe deposits, hemosiderin in the liver

Hemochromatosis

genetic disorder that can cause iron overload/enhances Fe absorption

Iron Food Source

Liver and glandular organs, red meats, seafood, egg yolk, dried beans and other legumes, green leafy veg

Zinc

A component of > 200 enzymes; participating in a wide variety of catalytic and structural fxn including metabolic reax of CPF; involved in sperm production and in fetal development; important in stabilizing membrane structure and guarding it against peroxidative damage

Zn

Facilitates wound healing and blood clotting; regulates gene expression; influences thyroid hormone fxn; needed for visual pigments, taste perception

Zinc

Interacts with insulin facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells of adipose tissues

Divalent cations: Cd2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+

Zn absorption is impaired by _____ because they compete w/ one another for facilitating binding ligands in the intestinal lumen, receptor sites in enterocytes, or intracellular binding ligands within mucosal cells

Vit A

Zn is important in mobilizing this vitamin from liver stores for night vision

1.5-3 g

Amount of Zn in an adult ranges from _______

RBCs

Most of the Zn in the blood is in _____, which contain the Zn-containing enzyme carbonic anhydrase needed to convert CO2 to HCO3 (bicarbonate ions)

Zn Deficiency

Hair loss; dermatitis, and skin changes; growth retardation, dysgeusia (impaired taste acuity), decreased dark adaptation, immunologic abnormalities, delayed sexual maturity

Zn Toxicity

Cu deficiency anemia, depressed levels of WBC, increased LDL and decreased HDL cholesterol, decreased serum ferritin and Hct levels

Zn food sources

Meat, some shellfish, poultry, fish, grain, veg

Cu

Cofactor for a wide variety of enzymes; an essential element; involved in redox reactions

50-120 mg

Body's Cu content

Liver

Where highest concentrations of Cu is found; Cu in the blood and tissues is bound to proteins

Cyctochrome C oxidase

Catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome C, A, and A3 complex by oxygen in the respiratory chain

Ceruloplasmin

Transports copper to tissue sites

Acts as a scavenger of free radicals and superoxide ions

Oxidizes ferrous ions to ferric ions

Superoxide dismutase

A Cu and Mn -containing enzyme that catalyzes conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide

Lysyl oxidase

Cu is needed (cofactor); collagen synthesis

Dopamine betahydroxylases

Cu-containing enzyme to synthesize neurotransmitter

Tyrosine oxidase

Copper-requiring enzyme which is involved in melanin synthesis

all parts of GIT including stomach and LI

Dietary Cu is absorbed in

Zn and Cu

Minerals that bind with proteins such as methallothionein, which slows down absorption of minerals into the blood

Adrenal Gland

Controls the release of Cu from liver

Bone Marrow

The body utilizes some of the plasma Cu in the synthesis of superoxide dismutase in the ________

decreases

High intake Fe or Vit C ______the absorption of Cu

Zn, Ca, Mb, S

Minerals that decreases Cu absorption

Cu Food Sources

Liver, shellfish (especially oysters), nuts, mushrooms, whole grains cereals, and gelatin

Hyperchromic Anemia

Indistinguishable from Fe-deficiency which suggest that Cu is essential for Fe metabolism; pale RBC

Cu Deficiency

Impaired glucose tolerance, poor wound healing, immune defects, CNS and CVD

Menke's Kinky Hair Syndrome

An inherited disease of defective Cu metabolism; disease prevents the release of Cu into the general circulation. Symptoms: include abnormal keratinization, low serum, and liver copper levels, bone and skeletal abnormalities and mental deterioration resulting death

Copper Poisining

May occur with intake of acidic beverages stored in copper containers

Copper toxicity

Tachycardia, hypertension, jaundice, hemolytic anemia, uremia, and death

Wilson's Disease

Genetic disorder in which excess amts of Cu are deposited in liver, kidney, cornea, brain producing symptoms: tremor, ascites, psychoses

10 mg/day or 900 ug/day

US RDA of Cu (2001)

Iodine

mineral that is part of thyroid hormone needed for growth

20-30 mg

The body contains _____ iodine that is concentrated in the thyroid gland

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine (T4 and T3)

Part of iodine required for normal E metab, thermoregulation and intermediary metabolsm

Iodine function

Essential in the conversion of carotene to Vit A; protein synthesis, CHO absorption, RBC production, nerve muscle function

Iodide

Dietary iodine is in the form of

Small intestine

Iodine is absorbed mainly in this organ and distributed in the ECF

1/3

How much of the absorbed iodide in blood plasma is taken by the thyroid gland for synthesis of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3

Globulin, Prealbumin, and Albumin

T4 and T3 circulate in the bloodstream binding these proteins

Goitrogens

substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or the function of the thyroid gland; from cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, turnip, brussel sprouts, and mustard greens

Iodine food sources

iodized salt, seafood, seaweeds

Iodine Deficiency

Most common cause of endemic goiter and cretinism. Lack of this mineral results in an enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter). This is due to overstimulation of the thyroid in an attempt to product more T4 and T3

Cretinism

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Myxedema

severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness

Grave's Disease

Aka hyperthyroidism characterized by increased basal metabolism, goiter and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system causing hyperirritability, and increased creatinine metabolism

100-199 ug/L

Adequate/Optimal Iodine status based on median range or urinary iodine concentration (adults except preggers)

Pregnant and lactating mothers

Adolescents

Individuals at risk of developing iodine deficiency

Selenium

One of the body's antioxidant nutrients protecting the body against oxidative stress; found in minutes amounts in the body, concentrated and other glandular organs, blood, and muscles

Selenomethionine (synth by plants) and Selenocysteine (synth by animals)

Two forms of Se present in food

Glutathione Peroxidase

Selenium as a part of this enzyme, catalyzes the breakdown of toxic hydroperoxides

Vit E

Se works with this Vit to reduce free radicals that are generated through cellular processes

Vit C

Se works with this Vit to regulate thyroid hormone and oxidative reduction reactions

Selenium

Vit E sparer

Se

Bound to proteins (lipoproteins and globulins); taken up by the RBCs, liver, heart, spleen, nails, and tooth enamel

Se Deficiency

Clinical manifestations include muscle pain and weakness, cardiomyopathy, and a loss of pigmentation (pseudo-albinism)

Keshan disease or Kashin-Beck

A selenium deficiency r/t low Se intakes; causes heart enlargement

20x - 30x the requirement

When is Se toxic?

Se toxicity

Loss of hair and nails, "garlic breath" odor, dental caries and dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, irritability and fatigue and lesions of the skin and the nervous system

31 ug/day

FAO/WHO recommendation of Se intake to provide adequate reserves based on satisfactory levels of plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity

Se Food sources

Seafood, liver, meats, whole grain and dairy products

Manganese

cofactor for enzymes in antioxidant function, energy metabolism

29 mg

The body contains ___ concentrated Mn in the liver, pancreas, skin, muscles, and bones

Mn

Mineral needed in utilization of thiamin

Mn Functions

Needed in the release of lipid from the liver;

Urea synthesis

AA interconversion

Bile

Primary route of excretion of Mn

Transferrin

Mn is catabolized by a Mn-binding protein called

Decreases

Mn absorption ______ with high intakes of Fe

Ca and Zn

Affects bioavailability of Mn

Mn Toxicity

Exposure to dust-containing Mn causes extreme weakness, apathy, anorexia, and fatigue

Mn Food Sources

Whole grain cereals, nuts, legumes, tea and green leafy veggies

Liver, bones, pancreas, and kidneys

Mo is presented in all parts of the body in minute amounts and concentrated in these organs

Mo Function

Participates in redox reaction; cofactor for enzymes: xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and sulfite oxidase

Xanthine Oxidase

Molybdenum is a cofactor for this enzyme that can hydroxylate purines, pteridines, pyrimidines and other heterocyclic N-containing cmpds

Sulfite Oxidase

Molybdenum is cofactor for this mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the terminal step in the metabolism of S-containing AA

Aldehyde Oxidase

Mo is a cofactor in the enzyme that participates in the metabolism of purines

SI and stomach

Where 25-80% of dietary mo is absorbed

45 ug/day

US RDA of Mo for adults

Sulfate, Cu, and Tungsten

Antagonists of Mo

Mo Toxicity

Diarrhea, slow growth, anemia characterized by failure of RBCs to mature

Mo Food Sources

Milk and milk products, whole grains, legumes (peas and beans) and meat

Spleen, kidneys and pancreas

Cobalt is highly concentrated in:

Co

Activates arginase that converts arginine to urea

jejunum

Co is mainly absorbed in the __________