Endocrine System

BIO 117 - Exam 2

Endocrine system

The collection of endocrine glands throughout the body that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the blood stream in order to alter the body’s physiology to help maintain homeostasis

The endocrine system includes…

• hypothalamus

• anterior pituitary

• pineal

• posterior pituitary

• thyroid

• parathyroid glands

• thymus

• heart

• liver

• adrenal medulla

• adrenal cortex

• kidneys

• stomach

• pancreas

• intestines

• ovaries

• uterus / placenta

• testes

Endocrine organs secrete _______

chemicals (hormones)

What are the five things that determine if a molecule is a hormone?

• organic

• living cell

• localized

• distance

• target cells with specific receptors

Hormone exclusions - organic

CO2

Hormone exclusions - living cells

chemicals from dead cells

Hormone exclusions - localized

glucose

Hormone exclusions - distance

neurotransmitters

Hormone exclusions - target cells wit specific receptors

nutrients

5 unusual stories from the endocrine system

• eicosanoids

• growth factors, oncogenes, oncogene products

• APUDomas

• vitamin D3 = calcitriol

• Renin-Angiotensin system

Eicosanoids

prostaglandins and their relatives

eicosanoids are derived from __________

membrane phospholipids

can act at many levels, including _______, ________, and ________

2nd messenger; paracrine; hormone

growth factors (GF)

influence cell cycle “checkpoints”

growth factors can be _______, _______, and ________

hormones; cytokines; paracrines

examples of growth factors

• epidermal

• ovarian

• fibroblast-derived

• insulin-like

onco =

cancer

oncogenes

associated with of GF-associated genes

oncogene products include altered versions of…

growth factors and growth factor receptors

APUDomas

tumor of APUD cells that causes secretion of biogenic amines

APUD stands for

Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation

________ or ________ are often co-secreted with amines

proteins; peptide hormones

vitamin D3 is questionable as a hormone because…

it does not require biological activity to create it

Another name for vitamin D3 is…

calcitriol

calcitriol

chemical that influences calcium absorption

calcitriol is derived from…

cholesterol

cholesterol

a steroid with 3 6-sided rings and 1 5-sided ring

The renin-angiotensin system works like an ______, which makes it a bit weird

assembly line

peptides, polypeptides, and proteins vary in _______, _______, and _______

size, sequence, and water solubility

peptides, polypeptides, and proteins are produced in the ______ as a _______

rough ER; prohormone

in the rough ER and golgi, prohormones are…

post-translationally cleaved and modified

where are hormones stored?

secretory vesicles

preprohormone —> ______ —> ______

prohormone; hormone