One Past But Many Histories: Controversies in Philippine History

Vocabulary flashcards covering key historical figures, events, and differing accounts surrounding the First Mass in the Philippines, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, and the Cry of Balintawak/Pugad Lawin.

Antonio Pigafetta

Antonio Lambardo

Francisco Antonio Pigafetta

Maluku Island

Moluccas or Spice Island)

Primo viaggio intorno al mondo

The historical account entitled "First Voyage Around the World" (1519–1522), written by Antonio Pigafetta, detailing Ferdinand Magellan's expedition.

Magellan's expedition

Magellan set sail with 270 men and 5 ships:

Name of the ships

Trinidad

The San Antonio

The Victoria

The Conception

The Santiago

Pigafetta

one of the eighteen survivors who returned to Spain aboard the "Victoria"

First Mass in the Philippines

The first mass in the Philippines was held in March 31, 1521

Purpose of the first mass

This mass was to celebrate the Feist of Easter Sunday

Where the first mass was held

It is held near the shores of the island, the First Holy Mass as the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines

After the celebration (Blood Compact)

gifts were exchanged by two parties when the celebration had ended

Magellan's three gifts

a bust of Christ as the Ecce Homo

an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Santo Niño as part of their baptism and strategic alliance

Kulambu's offer

basket of ginger and a gold bar which he refused to accept

Rajah Kulambu

The chieftain of Limasawa who forged the first recorded blood compact and strategic alliance with Ferdinand Magellan at Mazaua, exchanging ceremonial gifts.

Butuan Claim

The first belief or popular belief before, is the first mass was really held in Butuan because this is what is written in the traditions of the Catholic church here in the Philippines and it was held on the island of Masao in Butuan, Agusan del Norte

Evidence for Butuan Claim

There were excavated balanghay boats that were used by the Filipinos back then

Limasawa Claim

The first baptism was on April 14, 1521. According to Pigafetta, the first Mass was celebrated on March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday

Mazaua

Referred to the venue where first mass happen

National Historical Commission

declared LIMASAWA, LEYTE as the first site of the first mass in the Philippines

Primary Sources (First Mass)

Antonio Pigafetta. First Voyage Around the World

Francisco Albo Logbook

Secondary Sources (First Mass)

Bernad, Miguel A. Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of the Evidence. Kinaadman: A Journal of Southern Philippines, vol. III (1981) pp 1-35

June 12

since 1898 is a very important event for all the Filipinos.

1898

year when the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Filipinos' desire to be free from the abuses of the Spanish colonial regime

Two major events happened in 1872

Cavite Mutiny

the martyrdom of the three martyr priests

Mutiny

A rebellion against authority

Origin of the word mutiny

Comes from an old verb, "mutine" which means "revolt"

Spanish Version

a revolt aimed at overthrowing Spanish rule

Filipino version

mutiny by native soldiers and laborers against the abolition of their privileges

Filipino version ( incident)

merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of Izquierdo

Fort San Felipe

Uprising of military personnel on January 20, 1872

Outcome

he mutiny was unsuccessful, and the government soldiers executed many of the participants

GOMBURZA

The collective acronym for secular Filipino priests ; tagged as masterminds

Garotte

killing someone by Strangulation typically with an iron wire or cord

used charge in execution

treason

sedition

Date of Gomburza Execution

February 17, 1872

Effects on filipinos

Serve as a threat to Filipinos

Young Jose Rizal

Witnessed the execution

Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo De Tavera

A Filipino scholar and researcher

Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite

Jose Montero y Vidal

A prolific Spanish historian who documented the 1872 Cavite Mutiny as a premeditated attempt by the Indios to overthrow the Spanish colonial government.

Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo

Magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.

Feast of the Virgin Loreto

celebrated in sampaloc manila, caviteno mistook as a signal

Sergeant Lamadrid

The military officer who led the 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers during the attack against Spanish officers at Fort San Felipe in Cavite.

Izquierdo

ordered reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt

Why the revolt failed

the revolution was easily crushed, when Manileños who where expected to aid the Caviteños did not arrive

Spanish Perspective

reports of Vidal and Izquierdo both implicated that the rebellion was an attempt to overthrow the Spanish government

Filipino Perspective

the mutiny was a response to the injustice in the society

Andres Bonifacio

Father of Katipunan

Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)

The revolutionary anti-colonial society founded by Andres Bonifacio aimed at gaining independence from the Spanish Empire.

Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin

It was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish Empire

Cry

first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards

tearing up of cedulas or community tax certificates

Teodoro Kalaw

Kangkong, Balintawak

Last week of August

L.T. Olegario Diaz

Balintawak

August 25, 1896.

Cedulas

Community tax certificates torn up by Andres Bonifacio and the Katipuneros to symbolize defiance against Spanish colonial rule.

Santiago Alvarez

Bahay Toro, Quezon City

August 24, 1896

Pio Valenzuela

Pugad Lawin

August 23, 1896

Gregorio Zaide

Balintawak

August 26, 1896

Teodoro Agoncillo (according to valenzuela)

ugad Lawin

August 23, 1896

Ambeth Ocampo

another old debate was revived over the date and place where Andres Bonifacio tore his cedula and delivered the inspiring cry that marked the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

officially

since 1962, celebrated on august 23, 1896 in pugad lawin