Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Chapter 6 sections 6.3 Operant Conditioning and 6.4 Observational Learning.

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Negative Reinforcement

Taking something away to increase the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Positive Punishment

Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Negative Punishment

Taking something away to decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Primary Reinforcer

A reinforcer that satisfies a basic biological need, such as food.

Secondary Reinforcer

A reinforcer that gains its reinforcing power through pairing with a primary reinforcer.

Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement schedule based on the number of behavioral responses.

Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule based on the passage of time.

Fixed Schedule

A predictable schedule of reinforcement.

Variable Schedule

An unpredictable schedule of reinforcement.

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without reinforcement or conscious knowledge, which is demonstrated at a later time.

Learned Helplessness

A state occurring when someone learns that their actions do not affect what happens to them.

Modeling (Bandura)

Learning that occurs by watching others and then doing or saying what they do.

Four Steps of Observational Learning

The sequential steps in observational learning: Attention $\rightarrow$ retention $\rightarrow$ reproduction $\rightarrow$ motivation.

Prosocial Modeling

Observing positive, helpful behaviors that lead to constructive outcomes.

Antisocial Modeling

Observing aggressive or harmful behaviors that can lead to negative societal impacts.